Ch 1: Overview and Research approaches

• What is considered abnormal behavior?

  Subjective distress, maladaptive, statistical deviancy, violation of standards of society, social discomfort, irrationality/unpredictability, and dangerousness
• What are the 4 "Ds" of abnormal behavior?

  Different, dysfunctional, deviant, dangerous
• Always consider the behavior within its context
• Context to consider is: inconsistent with societal norms, inconsistent with cultural norms, emotional distress, inconsistent with developmental norms, interferes with daily functioning
• DSM-5-TR: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, only used in the US, categorical approach
• ICD-11: international classification of diseases, used by the rest of the world, more wide/broad, categorical approach
• DSM-5-TR format: categories of diagnosis, each diagnosis consists of specific operationalized symptoms, need to meet specific number of symptoms to receive diagnosis, timeframe of symptoms also needed, describes relevant information
• The DSM is specific on what to look for creating more consistency in healthcare
• Categorical approach: DSM and ISD use, presence or absence of disorder, qualitative perspective, creates consistency, high rate of comorbidity
• Dimensional approach: understanding behavior takes severity into consideration, quantitative perspective, look at whole spectrum of severity, on a continuum, more information typically
• Advantages of diagnosis: gives a rough idea, creates community, no one is alone in diagnosis, communicate across providers, inform treatment
• Disadvantages of diagnosis: create stereotypes, not the same between people, become the label, self-diagnosing, sometimes wrong, not fully dimensional
• Epidemiology: field of study related to public health, frequency and distribution of diagnosis
• Prevalence: number of active cases during a given time frame
• Incidence: number of new cases that occur during a given time frame
• Etiology: cause of disease "why"
• Beneficence: serve a function of helping
• Benefit of case studies: detailed information on a few people, comprehensive description of individual/small group, examination of rare phenomena
• Disadvantage of case study: no control group, limited generalizability, poor replication, may not be able to refer causality
• Correlational Design: includes self report data, relationship between two variable without manipulation
• How far the number is from 0 in correlational design is the probability that it is correlated
• Correlation is not causation
• Positive correlation: both variables increase (+1.0)
• Negative correlation: one increases and one decreases (-1.0)
• No correlation: no connection between variable (0)
• Pro of correlational design: easier to collect data, get large results, cheaper
• Con of correlational design: bias, misused turned to misleading, no causal relationship identifiable
• Experimental research: need independent variable, dependent variable, experimental group, and control group
• RCT (randomized controlled trial): type of experimental research, used in medicine and therapy, randomly assign experimental and control from bigger group
• Internal validity: extent that study design allows high conclusions that intervention caused outcome
• External validity: ability to generalize study findings
• Statistical significance: Probability results did not occur by chance
• Clinical significance: does quality of life improve
• Longitudinal research: multiple data collection over time, depth
• Cross-sectional research: data collected at one time and place, quicker, easier, cheaper
• Correlation coefficient: degree of association between two variables