Immunology

• Lymphocyte


  Cell type responsible for for both cellular and humoral immunity
• T lymphocyte (T cell)


  Thymus. Imparts Cellular immunity. Use surface-bound T-cell receptors to sense antigen. Can perform many functions, secrete soluble messengers to direct other cells and direct killing of cells.
• B lymphocyte (B cell) 


  Bone marrow. Produce antibodies that confer humoral immunity. Soluble receptor proteins bind to foreign proteins and flag for destruction. Secreted antibodies bind to infectious agents and foreign proteins to clear them from the body.
• Antigen


  Any substance that elicits a specific response by B or T lymphocytes. Bind to T-cell receptors.
• Cytotoxic T cell

  Detects changes in host cells, contains recognition molecules inside the cell.  Intracellular receptors bind to viral proteins in cytosol. Initiates early warning system. Eliminates altered self cells.
• T helper Cell


  Guide the behavior of other immune cells, like B cells. Secretes cytokines (signals)
• T regulatory Cell


  Suppresses immune response
• Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 


  Common foreign structures that categorizes whole groups of pathogens.
• Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)


  proteins that bind to specific molecules and trigger a response/signaling cascade, targeting pathogens for destruction
• Generation of Diversity

  employed only by developing B and T lymphocytes. The result is a group of B and T cells where each expresses many copies of one unique recognition molecule, resulting in a population with the theoretical potential to respond to any antigen that may come along
• Hypersensitivity 


  Overly zealous attacks on common benign, but foreign antigens
• Autoimmune Disease


  erroneous targeting self proteins or tissues by immune cells
• immune deficiency 


  insufficiency of the immune response to protect against infectious agents
• Macrophage


  Derived from monocytes and is a phagocyte. APC.
• Basophils

  Not Phagocytes! least abundant. Release cytokines and histamines.
• The simplest way to explain the immune response.

  The recognition of a potential pathogen, followed by a response to eliminate that potential threat.
• Both serum and cellular components of the blood play a role in the vertebrate immune response.


  True
• Vertebrate immune systems have difficulty fighting fungal infections because fungi are eukaryotic organisms.


  True
• Dendritic cells are Antigen Presenting Cells.


  True
• Myeloid progenitor cells give rise to 


  Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
• Cytokines 


  soluble proteins that are growth factor-like molecules. ROS( break down bacteria) and NOS (produce complement proteins). Small signaling molecules.
• Hematopoietic stem cells 


  RBC, Granulocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and lymphocytes.
• Hematopoiesis 


  How HSC differentiate into mature blood cells.
• Granulocytes


  white blood cells (Leukocytes). Include Neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils. Contains proteases, AMP, and histamines.
• PRRs can be classified as:

  • Membrane-bound (e.g., toll-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors)
  • Cytoplasmic (e.g., nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors and RIG-1 receptors)
  • Secreted (soluble) (e.g., mannose-binding lectin and C-reactive protein)