BIO

• This cross involves contrasting forms of different traits.
• Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next.
• Variation is the difference between children and their parents and between siblings.
• Genetics is the study of how genes and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
• Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, is the father of modern genetics.
• Gregor Mendel spent his time in the garden studying the different structural characteristics and growing habits of plants.
• Gregor Mendel conducted his experiments with garden peas in a small garden plot in a monastery.
• Gregor Mendel studied inheritance of seven traits in pea plants and first used the term dominance and recessiveness.
• Gregor Mendel chose garden peas for his experiments because they are easy to cultivate and cross, reproduce at a fast rate, and produce several generations in a short time.
• Gregor Mendel found that his laws of inheritance also apply to people and other animals because the mechanisms of heredity are essentially the same for all complex life forms.
• Genes are a section of a chromosome that control what traits any living thing will have and control what traits a living thing can pass to its young.
• Dominant trait is a trait that hides another trait.
• Recessive trait is a trait that is hidden.
• Purebreeding or Truebreeding is when the traits of the offspring are the same as the parent plant for several generations.
• P Generation is the parent generation when a purebreed green pea and a yellow pea was crossed.
• Allele/s are the specific characteristics of the peas (or any other organism).
• Monohybrid Cross Mendel called the cross which involves only one pair of traits a monohybrid cross.

  • F1 generation peas are called hybrids because they are the results of a cross between purebreeding plants.
• Genes for different traits pass independently.
• Mendel first used the term Punnett Square to describe the results of his experiments.
• Heterozygous refers to an organism that has two different alleles of a gene.
• The Law of Independent Assortment states that the expression of one particular trait does not affect the expression of another trait.
• Punnett Square is a diagram that is used to predict a particular cross or breeding experiment.
• During the production of gametes, the random segregation of the alleles of one allelic pair is entirely independent of the segregation of the allelic pair.
• The Law of Segregation states that two genes of a pair separate or segregate during gamete formation.
• Homozygous refers to an organism that has both alleles for the green color in its allelic pair, the gene, or its genotype.
• Punnett Square provides the relative proportion of genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
• Phenotype is the organism’s observable characteristics or traits; external appearance of an individual.
• A pair of these alleles provides the kind of gene or genetic make-up that each progeny will have.
• The Law of Dominance states that when purebreeding plants having contrasting characters are crossed, all the offspring will show only one of the characters.
• Dihybrid Cross is an organism which is heterozygous for two pairs of alleles.
• Genotype is the genetic makeup of the cell.
• The traits and outward appearance we see in organisms are the expressions of the genotype.
• The character that appears is dominant and the one that does not is recessive.
• Punnett Square is a tabular summary of every possible combination of one maternal allele with one paternal allele for each gene in the cross.
• 1. The plants are easy to cultivate and cross.
  2. Garden peas reproduce at a fast rate and reproduce several generations in a short time. 
  3. They are hardly plants. They do not need much caring. 
  4. The pea flower is generally self-pollinating and not easily bothered by insects. 
• Characters 

  • Is the specific characteristics of the peas (or any other organism).  
• F1 Generation

  • First filial generation, or the offspring of P generation. 

  F2 generation

  • Second filial generation, or the offspring of F1 generation.