Transport through membranes

• The concentration gradient is the driving force that causes substances to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
• Facilitated diffusion occurs when molecules passively cross cell membranes with the assistance of transport proteins, such as carrier proteins or channel proteins.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, driven by the concentration gradient.
• Diffusion is the movement of particles from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
• Channels facilitate transport through the creation of pores in the membrane while carriers facilitate transport through binding and conformational changes.
• Channels and carriers are the two main types of membrane proteins involved in transport.
• Membrane proteins transport materials across the cell membrane against concentration gradients.
• Carrier proteins bind specific substances and undergo conformational changes to facilitate their passage through the membrane.
• The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport that uses ATP hydrolysis to move Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
• Active transport requires energy input and can be achieved through ATP hydrolysis.
• Channel proteins form hydrophilic channels in the lipid bilayer, allowing small polar molecules like water and gases to diffuse directly through them.
• Pumps are integral membrane proteins that bind to substrates on one side of the membrane and release them on the other side.
• Endocytosis involves the uptake of large molecules into cells via vesicles formed at the plasma membrane.
• Exocytosis involves the release of materials outside the cell through fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.
• Passive transport does not require energy and occurs downhill along the concentration gradient.
• Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to increase the rate of passive transport without requiring energy.
• Lysosomes are organelles found in animal cells involved in digestion and recycling of cellular components.
• Phagocytosis is the process whereby phagocytes engulf pathogens or debris using pseudopodia.
• Simple diffusion is the movement of substances across the membrane without the involvement of any protein.
• Διαφορά δυναμικού και η χημική βαθμίδωση δρουν αντίθετα, η συνισταμένη ηλεκτροχημική βαθμίδωση είναι μικρή.
• Membrane transport involves the movement of ions across the cell membrane.
• Na+ and Cl- have high concentrations in the extracellular fluid.
• K+ has a high concentration in the extracellular fluid.
• Διαλέξεις Βιολογίας Ι 2023 - 2024 Τμήμα Ιατρικής Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλίας Βαρβάρα Τραχανά Επίκουρος Καθηγήτρια Κυτταρικής Βιολογίας
• If a part of the symmetaphernoe zyari leaves, there is no metaphore.
• If the cavities of the epithelium of the intestine contained only the pathological metaphore of glucose, after a meal without hydrates, glucose would have to be released to the intestine with the same ease as it was absorbed.
• If the cavities of the epithelium of the intestine contained only the symmmetaphore of glucose, the glucose would not have been able to leave the intestine without the other parts of the body.
• Membrane transport proteins include membrane proteins, membrane transport proteins, and ion channels.
• The antiporter is located both in the cytoplasmic membrane and in the endoplasmic reticulum, antagonizing Ca2+ with active transport from outside the plasma membrane.
• Ion channels include membrane proteins, membrane transport proteins, and ion channels.
• Membrane proteins include membrane proteins, membrane transport proteins, and ion channels.
• The antiporter uses the energy of H+ ions to antagonize Ca2+ from outside the plasma membrane.
• The antiporter regulates the pH of the cytoplasmic plasmolysis.
• The lipid bilayer contains membrane proteins such as membrane proteins, membrane transport proteins, and ion channels.
• Όλες οι πρωτεΐνες - δίαυλοι και πολλές πρωτεϊνες - φορείς μπορούν να λειτουργήσουν σαν αγωγοί παθητικής μεταφοράς.
• Μετακίνηση «ανηφορικά» δηλ.
• Ορικά» δηλ από υψηλές προς χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις - Δεν απαιτείται ενέργεια = Παθητική μεταφορά ή διευκολυνόμενη διάχυση (passive transport or facilitated diffusion)
• Η εξέλιξη ευνόησε τον φαινομενικά αναποτελεσματικό τρόπο διαβίβασης σήματος (ηλεκτρικό - χημικό - ηλεκτρικό) εξυπηρετώνας την πολυπλοκότητα των διεργασιών που υπηρετούν οι νευρώνες (συνδυασμός, ερμηνεία, καταγραφή).
• Η ικανότητα επιλογής της κατάλληλης απάντησης στην πληθώρα των ερεθισμάτων επιτυγχάνεται μέσω πολύπλοκων αλληλεπιδράσεων ανάμεσα σε διαφορετικά είδη ιοντικών διαύλων της κυτταρικής μεμβράνης του νευρώνα.
• The change in the phosphorylation state of the neurotransmitter receptor proteins is usually caused by a change in the activity of protein kinases.