Addiction

    Cards (126)

    • What must a definition of addiction include?
      Withdrawal syndromes, tolerance, and dependence
    • What happens during withdrawal syndromes?
      Symptoms opposite to those induced by the drug occur
    • Why do addicts continue their behaviors?
      To avoid withdrawal symptoms and prolong effects
    • What is tolerance in the context of addiction?
      Higher doses are needed for the same effect
    • How does tolerance affect surgical procedures for addicts?
      Higher doses of anesthetic are required
    • What characterizes physical dependence?
      Withdrawal symptoms subside with drug administration
    • How does psychological dependence differ from physical dependence?
      Compulsions to acquire drugs for pleasure occur
    • What can individuals inherit that affects addiction risk?
      Candidate genes providing hereditary predisposition
    • What is one biological susceptibility mechanism for addiction?
      Low levels of D2 receptors in the brain
    • How does the CYP2A6 enzyme relate to nicotine addiction?
      Lower levels slow nicotine breakdown
    • What did Kendler et al (2012) find about adoptees and addiction risk?
      Adoptees with addicted parents had higher risk
    • What psychosocial factors influence addiction development?
      Personality, family influences, peer influences, stress
    • How does impulsivity relate to addiction risk?
      It increases risk through irrational risk-taking
    • What family influences can affect addiction risk?
      Monitoring, parental attitudes, and exposure to substances
    • How do peers influence addiction development in adolescents?
      They provide access to substances and set norms
    • What is the interactionist approach to stress and addiction?
      Chronic stress requires an environmental stressor to lead to addiction
    • What did Mayes and Suchman (2006) suggest about addiction risk factors?
      No single factor is solely responsible for addiction
    • What is the main issue with correlational studies on addiction risk factors?
      They cannot establish cause and effect relationships
    • How can understanding addiction risk factors be applied in real life?
      To identify families at risk and create interventions
    • What does the desensitization hypothesis suggest?
      There is an antagonistic effect between acetylcholine and dopamine
    • What happens to nicotinic receptors when nicotine is present?
      They undergo deregulation and become less sensitive
    • What occurs during withdrawal symptoms related to nicotine?
      Upregulation of nicotinic receptors increases sensitivity
    • How does increased nicotine consumption relate to tolerance?
      Higher concentrations are needed to provoke deregulation
    • What did McEvoy et al (1995) find about dopamine and nicotine addiction?
      Blocking dopamine receptors increases nicotine consumption
    • What did Berrendero et al (2010) suggest about dopamine's role in addiction?
      Dopamine is not the only neurotransmitter involved
    • What is the key problem with biological reductionism in addiction?
      It oversimplifies addiction to neurotransmitter activity
    • How does learning theory explain nicotine addiction?
      It is acquired through classical and operant conditioning
    • What is positive reinforcement in the context of smoking?
      Smoking is motivated by pleasurable feelings
    • What is negative reinforcement in smoking behavior?
      Avoiding withdrawal symptoms by increasing intake
    • What is cue reactivity in addiction?
      Environmental cues increase likelihood of addictive behavior
    • How does learning theory explain gender differences in smoking?
      Women may have lower self-efficacy and social sensitivity
    • What did Levin et al (2010) find in animal studies about nicotine self-administration?
      Rats increased nicotine intake rapidly during trials
    • How can learning theory be applied in real-life interventions for addiction?
      Aversion therapy can improve recovery rates
    • What system is associated with pleasurable effects from increased dopaminergic stimulation?
      Mesolimbic system
    • What did Levin et al (2010) find about rats and nicotine intake?
      Rats increased intravenous nicotine intake rapidly
    • How does cue reactivity relate to nicotine addiction?
      It supports positive reinforcement in addiction development
    • What is the basis of aversion therapy in nicotine addiction treatment?
      It is based on learning theory principles
    • What was the recovery rate increase found by Smith (1988) for aversion therapy?
      32% higher recovery rates
    • How can learning theory improve public health services for nicotine addiction?
      By informing treatment guidelines for addiction
    • What are the five types of reinforcement in gambling addiction according to social learning theory?
      • Positive reinforcement
      • Negative reinforcement
      • Variable reinforcement
      • Partial reinforcement
      • Vicarious reinforcement
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