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Psychology
Psychology Paper 3
Addiction
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Created by
Prashanka Pun
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Cards (126)
What must a definition of addiction include?
Withdrawal syndromes
,
tolerance
, and
dependence
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What happens during withdrawal syndromes?
Symptoms
opposite
to those induced by the
drug
occur
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Why do addicts continue their behaviors?
To
avoid
withdrawal
symptoms and prolong effects
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What is tolerance in the context of addiction?
Higher
doses are needed for the same
effect
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How does tolerance affect surgical procedures for addicts?
Higher doses of
anesthetic
are required
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What characterizes physical dependence?
Withdrawal symptoms
subside with
drug administration
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How does psychological dependence differ from physical dependence?
Compulsions
to acquire drugs for pleasure occur
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What can individuals inherit that affects addiction risk?
Candidate genes
providing
hereditary
predisposition
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What is one biological susceptibility mechanism for addiction?
Low levels of
D2 receptors
in the brain
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How does the CYP2A6 enzyme relate to nicotine addiction?
Lower levels slow nicotine
breakdown
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What did Kendler et al (2012) find about adoptees and addiction risk?
Adoptees with
addicted
parents had higher risk
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What psychosocial factors influence addiction development?
Personality
,
family influences
,
peer
influences
,
stress
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How does impulsivity relate to addiction risk?
It increases risk through
irrational
risk-taking
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What family influences can affect addiction risk?
Monitoring
, parental attitudes, and exposure to
substances
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How do peers influence addiction development in adolescents?
They provide access to
substances
and set norms
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What is the interactionist approach to stress and addiction?
Chronic stress requires an environmental
stressor
to lead to addiction
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What did Mayes and Suchman (2006) suggest about addiction risk factors?
No
single
factor
is
solely
responsible
for
addiction
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What is the main issue with correlational studies on addiction risk factors?
They cannot establish
cause and effect
relationships
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How can understanding addiction risk factors be applied in real life?
To identify families at risk and create
interventions
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What does the desensitization hypothesis suggest?
There is an antagonistic effect between
acetylcholine
and
dopamine
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What happens to nicotinic receptors when nicotine is present?
They undergo
deregulation
and become less sensitive
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What occurs during withdrawal symptoms related to nicotine?
Upregulation of
nicotinic
receptors increases sensitivity
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How does increased nicotine consumption relate to tolerance?
Higher
concentrations
are needed to provoke
deregulation
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What did McEvoy et al (1995) find about dopamine and nicotine addiction?
Blocking dopamine receptors increases
nicotine consumption
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What did Berrendero et al (2010) suggest about dopamine's role in addiction?
Dopamine
is not the only neurotransmitter involved
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What is the key problem with biological reductionism in addiction?
It oversimplifies addiction to
neurotransmitter
activity
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How does learning theory explain nicotine addiction?
It is acquired through
classical and operant conditioning
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What is positive reinforcement in the context of smoking?
Smoking is motivated by
pleasurable
feelings
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What is negative reinforcement in smoking behavior?
Avoiding
withdrawal symptoms
by increasing intake
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What is cue reactivity in addiction?
Environmental cues increase likelihood of
addictive
behavior
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How does learning theory explain gender differences in smoking?
Women may have lower
self-efficacy
and
social sensitivity
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What did Levin et al (2010) find in animal studies about nicotine self-administration?
Rats increased nicotine intake
rapidly
during trials
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How can learning theory be applied in real-life interventions for addiction?
Aversion therapy
can improve
recovery rates
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What system is associated with pleasurable effects from increased dopaminergic stimulation?
Mesolimbic system
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What did Levin et al (2010) find about rats and nicotine intake?
Rats increased
intravenous
nicotine intake rapidly
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How does cue reactivity relate to nicotine addiction?
It supports
positive reinforcement
in addiction development
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What is the basis of aversion therapy in nicotine addiction treatment?
It is based on
learning theory
principles
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What was the recovery rate increase found by Smith (1988) for aversion therapy?
32%
higher recovery rates
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How can learning theory improve public health services for nicotine addiction?
By informing
treatment guidelines
for addiction
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What are the five types of reinforcement in gambling addiction according to social learning theory?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Variable reinforcement
Partial reinforcement
Vicarious reinforcement
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See all 126 cards
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