The two-process model

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  • Orval Hobart Mowrer 1960 proposed the two-process model
  • Classical conditioning involves learning to associate something of which we initially have no fear (neutral stimulus) with something that already triggers a fear response (unconditioned stimulus).
  • Operant conditioning takes place when our behaviour is reinforced (rewarded) or punished. A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences
  • In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement is when the absence of unpleasant things strengthens a behaviour. Results in a desirable consequence which means the behaviour will be repeated
  • Operant conditioning reinforces the fear because every time someone avoids the phobic stimulus they feel calmer