ANOVA and ANCOVA

• ANOVA and ANCOVA require independent random sampling, i.e. observations from each group must be independent. (
• ANOVA can be used with both continuous and categorical variables, but it assumes normality and homogeneity of variance across groups.
• If the p-value from the F-test is less than or equal to the significance level (usually set at .05), we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there are significant differences among the groups.
• In ANOVA, the null hypothesis states that all population means are equal.