Cold War

    avatar
    Created by
    Aya Asaad

    Cards (49)

    • Yelta conference: 1945 Feb
      agreements:
      -Germany & Berlin would be split into 4 zones
      -Germany would pay 20 million in reparations(1/2 goes to Soviets)
      consequences:
      -Show a lack of agreements e.g over reparations
      -Showed Stalin wanted lots of land
    • Tehran conference: 1943 Dec
      agreements:
      -USSR could keep land in Eastern Europe if they won the war ( to make Germany weaker)
      -An international organization would be created-USA and Britain launched another attack on Germany so the German army would reduce troops in the East
      consequences:
      -very good and beneficial for the USSR-gain lots of land
    • Potsdam: 1945 Jul
      agreements:
      -Germany would be demilitarized
      -there would be a democracy
      -Soviets would gain 1/4 of goods made in Western Europe in return for supplying food and coal
      consequences:
      -lots of disagreements, it highlighted the differences between capitalism and communism
    • Atomic Bomb:
      -Truman dropped 2 atomic bombs
      -The first one was on 6th August 1945 in Hiroshima
      -The second one was on 9th August 1945 in Nagasaki
      -A total of 120,000 deaths
      Consequences:
      -USSR saw the USA as a great danger to the world
      -Stalin took control of more land between USSR and Germany as a 'buffer zone'
    • Long Telegram:
      -happened in 1946
      -Kennan sent a detailed telegram(8000 words) about the USSR's attitude towards the USA that Stalin wanted disruption of capitalism
      consequence:
      -USA started 'containment'
      -which meant keeping communism in the USSR only
    • Novikov telegram:
      -happened in 1946
      -sent by a soviet diplomat, shows USA didn't trust USSR
      -showed that America not afraid of war
      consequences:
      USSR felt the need to occupy more land for safety
    • Iron Curtain speech:
      -Winston Churchill's speech when he said that Europe was divided by "an iron curtain" in 1946, behind it were USSR-controlled countries
      Consequences:
      -increased tension
      -both sides strengthened their forces
    • Satellite states:
      -barrier between Germany and USSR
      -showed power and strength
      -an increase of communist influence
      5 states:
      -East Germany
      -Poland=1947 as a communist government
      -Czechoslovakia=1948 a communist government
      -Hungary=1949
      -Romania= voted communist after intimidation
    • Truman Doctrine(td):
      -12th March 1947-Truman announced he would provide economic help to countries being threatened by communism
      -promised 400 million dollars, sent US soldiers to Greece and Turkey
      Marshal Plan(mp):
      -17 billion dollars helped rebuild Europe between 1948-52
      -economic aid to countries hit by war
      -to receive aid the country must commit to trading with USA
      -offered money to satellite states, Stalin refused
      Stalin response:
      -Dollar imperialism
      -he thought it was the USA trying to be more powerful and create the American Empire in Europe
      consequences: of TD & MP
      -friendly Grand Alliance now gone
      -USA in direct opposition to the USSR
      -Europe divided into Western and East
    • Stalin's response to TrumanDoctrinee and Marshal plan:
      1. cominform:
      -happened in 1947
      -every Eastern European country was to follow Stalin's order, every country would have a cominform office
      2. comecon:
      -happened in 1949
      -no Eastern European country could take money from the USA
      -there would be trade only between communist countries, communist party would take over all industries
      Consequences of both:
      -increased tensions
      -made divide greater
    • Berlin Crisis:
      -happened in March 1948
      -USA, Britain, and France united their zones in Trizonia
      -they created a currency called Deutshmark
    • Berlin Blockade:
      -USSR blocked off any land route in and out of Berlin
      -this stopped food and essentials from reaching Trizonia
    • Berlin Airlift:
      -From June 1948 to May 1949
      -America flew in food and resources instead there was a risk the planes might have been shot but it didn't happen
      -over 1000 tonnes of food flown in
      -After a year, Stalin removed the blockade
      consequences:
      -made Stalin look weak
      -West proved they could succeed peacefully
      -3 days later, USA, Britain, and France officially united
    • Nato:
      -happened in 1949
      -Western powers eg USA Britain France and 9 others united
      -from 1949 American troops stationed in Europe
    • warsaw pact:
      -happened in 1955 and ended in 1991
      -all of the Satellite States, led by the Soviet Union
      -promised support
    •  6 stages of the arms race:
      -atomic bomb 1945
      -1949 soviets made their own
      -1950 American Hydrogen Bomb
      -1957 Soviet Hydrogen Bomb
      -USA ballistic missiles
      -2 months later, Soviets also had ballistic missiles
    • Khrushchev's leadership:
      -he openly criticises Stalin, and he suggests peace
      -the reasons as to why people had hope for peace
      :-The war in Korea ended
      -both countries broke from the arms race
      -Austria 1955 meeting had calmed tensions
    • Hungarian Uprising:
      -Hungary didn't like Soviet control
      -they couldn't vote, food shortages, and their leader was brutal
      consequences:
      -protested in Budapest
      -tore down a statue of Stalin
      -Soviets had a lack of control
      Khrushchev response:
      -sent the Red Army to stop the riots
      -tried to please them with a new leader Imre Nagy
    • Imre Nagy:
      -wanted voting and dictatorship
      -asked for political prisoners to be freed
      -asked Khrushchev to remove political troops
      November 1956 and the consequences:
      -Nagy said that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
      -Khrushchev felt that other countries might follow and copy
    • soviet union invasion of Hungary:
      -4th November 1956
      -Khrushchev sent in the Red Army, Hungarians fought back and America didn't help Hungary because of their containment policy and the risk
      short term consequences:
      -uprising failed
      -20,000 Soviet troops in Hungary
      -20.000 Hungarians killed
      -Nagy and his supporters executed
      long term consequences:
      -Khrushchev seemed a more powerful
      -new leader in Hungary
      -showed Eastern Europe that America wouldn't help them, made the USA look weak
    • 1958:
      -3 million East Germans moved to West Germany
      -refugee problem
      consequences:
      -an embarrassment for the Soviet Union
      -people openly choosing capitalism > communism
      Khrushchev response:
      November:
      Khrushchev demanded that Western troops be removed from East Berlin
      -Berlin should become a free city he gave them 6 months and threatened to take over all transport routes
      -this was the Berlin Ultimatum
    • Berlin Ultimatum that caused the Berlin Wall:
      -August 1961
      -on one day there were 40,000 refugees
      -the relationship between USSR and USA was weak
    • even of Berlin Wall:
      -12th August 1961
      -Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin Wall
      -first, it was a barbed wire fence as they built the concrete—it was 165km around the city
      -by October 1961 it was built
      consequence:
      -130 people killed trying to cross the wall
      -friends and families divided
      -west berlin fire service helped East Germans escape
    •  4 summit meetings between 1959-61:
      1)Geneva Summit May 1959 spoke about Berlin, nothing agreed
      2) Camp David September 1959, Eisenhower and Khrushchev got along, Khrushchev agreed to no more Berlin Ultimatum terms and it displayed that they had a better relationship
      3) Paris May 1960 Soviets just shot down the US spy plane, Eisenhower refused to apologize, Khrushchev walked out of the summit
      4)Vienna June 1961, JFK was president and Khrushchev did not trust him, Berlin Ultimatum terms back on, weakened relationship
    •  JFK's visit to Berlin in June 1963:
      -he was treated like a rockstar
      -"Ich Bin Erin Berliner"i am a berliner
      -gained a good reputation, said a wall was better than a war
    • Cuban revolution:
      -happened in 1959
      -a group in Cuba brought down the government that supported America
    • Cuban revolutions Impact on the Cold War:
      -any land owned by the US in Cuba was put back under Cuban Control
      -Castro puts communists in government
      -1960 Khrushchev and Castro agreed to trade Cuban sugar for economic aid
      -Secret agreement that Cuba would receive USSR weapons
      consequences:
      -Communist government was now only 145 miles away from USA
      -Eisenhower banned all trade and political relationships with Cuba in 1961
    • Bay of Pigs invasion:
      -April 1961
      -1400 ex-Cuban exiled invaded Bay Of Pigs
      -aimed to remove Castro and a communist government
      Failed:
      -had limited military knowledge
      -USA couldn't support
      -Castro prepared 20,000 Cuban Soldiers before the attack

      consequences:
      -USA humiliated (Castro showed photos all over the world)
      -looked like the US wanted to increase popularity of communism
      -Khrushchev gave Cuba more weapons
    • Cuban Missile Crisis:
      -in 1961 US spy planes photograph launch pads in Cuba
      -CIA told Kennedy that Soviet ships were sailing to Cuba with missiles
      consequences:
      missiles would be active in 2 weeks, US putting a lot of pressure on Kennedy
    • 16th-18th October 1962:
      1)meeting on the 16th of October, believed nuclear war would start
      2) On 22nd October, Kennedy decided not to attack
      3)set up a naval blockade around Cuba
      4) announced the plans on the TV
      5) USA worried
      6) Kennedy prepared 54 bombs in case
      7) 24th October Soviet Ships retreated
      8) Telegram from Khrushchev, Soviets agreed to remove missiles, if USA promised not to invade Cuba and remove missiles from Turkey
      consequences:
      -war was avoided, Kennedy was loved in the US
      -a hotline was set up between Moscow and Washington
      -in 1953 Test Ban Treaty (stop testing nuclear weapons)
      -1967 Outer Space Treaty (not use nuclear weapons in space)
      -Khrushchev sacked 1964
    • state of Czechoslovakia in:
      -few goods, fuel, poor economy, no freedom of speech, poor standard of living, opposed Soviet Control
      Czechoslovakia was introduced to:
      -new leader: Dubcek who said "socialism with a human face"
      -wanted to stay in Warsaw Pact but still improve living
    • what reforms did Dubcek make? (Prague Spring):
      -in 1968 April
      -less censorship
      -trade unions allowed
      -travel freedom
      -Government control of land and industry relaxed
      Brezhnev's Response to Prague Spring:
      -ordered his Western troops to carry out military practice outside Czechoslovakia
    • Warsaw troops invade Prague :
      -20th August 1968
      -500,000 troops invaded and stopped Prague Spring
      -Dubcek arrested and replaced
    • consequences of prague spring:
      -Brezhnev Doctrine 1968-if any communist country attempted freedom warsaw troops would be sent in-USA made public protest, showing that the US wouldn't act against USSR-communist parties in France and Italy cut links with USSR
    • Detente:
      -American public against Vietnam war-over 6000 soldier deaths., inequality problems eg Martin Luther King-USSR poor living standards, nuclear weapons too expensive
    •  SALT 1:
      May 1972
      -Anti-ballistic missile treaty
      -only allowed on 2 sides and of a max of 100 missiles each
      -Interim Treaty- restricted number of long-range missiles allowed
      -Basic Principle Agreement- wherein missiles could be placed
      consequences:
      -would stick to SALT (still owned nuclear weapons)
      -showed peace
      -reduced likelihood of war
      -symbolic importance
    • SALT 2:
      -in June 1979
      -further restriction limits on missiles and bombers
    • relationship between US and USSR like late 1970s
      :-weak, lack of trust, increased communist support, political pressure
    • December 1979:
      -soviets invaded Afghanistan-symbolised the end of Detente-Carter (US president) refused to sign SALT 2
    • invasion of Afghanistan:
      -Soviet Union worried that Muslim fundamentalists (mujahideen) in Afghanistan might attack USSR-Despite a government that support Soviets taking over Afghanistan in April 1978, in September 1979 Muslim fundamentalists took over by force-On 24th December 1979 Soviets invaded, and assassinated the leader on the 27th-soviet troops stayed in Afghanistan for nearly 10 years-1.5 billion Afghan Casualties
    See similar decks