family structure and parental support

• Moynihan (1965) argued that many black famillies are matriarchal and are run by a lone mother.

  their children are deprived of adequate care as the mother struggles finacially in the absence of a male breadwinner.
• due to the father's absence boys do not have an adequate role model of male achievement
• Moynihan sees cultural deprivation as a cycle whwere inadequately socialised children from unstable famillies fail at school and become inadquate parents
• Driver (1977) critises cultural deprivation theorisits for ignoring the positive effects of family structures on achievement
• Driver shows that black carribean famillies are far from dsyfunctional gives girls strong positive independent female role models
• Driver argues that black girls tend achieve more than black boys in education