Advanced Biology Unit 2

• Random sampling is when every member in a population has equal chance of being selected
• Random point sampling is
• Stratified sampling is used to ensure that all subgroups within a population have an equal representation in the sample.
• Systematic sampling is when samples are chosen at regular intervals
• Non-sampling errors occur due to human error during data collection
• Sampling error occurs when the sample does not accurately represent the entire population
• The plant kingdom has major divisions such as mosses, liverworts, ferns, conifers and flowering plants
• The animal kingdom is divided into phyla which contains the Chordata, Arthopoda, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes and Mollusca
• 3 lab techniques used in identification are : DNA Analysis, Classification Guide, Key
• Classification system, Dumb King Philip Came Over For Green Skittles - Domain, Kingdom, Phyllum , Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Model organisms can be used to study a species similar to another to allow information to be applied to a more difficult species to study
• Mark and Recapture - N=(MC)/R
• Ethograms are used to compare behaviours of different individuals of a species
• Behaviour broken up into units is called an action pattern
• Latency is the time between a stimulus and response
• Anthropomorphism


  Applying human qualities (emotions or actions) to non-human things or animals
• What is evolution?
• Behavior is also a response to external/internal requirements
• Species today are descendants of ancestors
• Why study animal behavior?
• Natural selection does not create resistant individuals but selects for resistant individuals already present
• Organisms have undergone modifications to adapt to new habitats
• What causes animal behavior?
• External requirements for behavior

  • Reinforcement, heat, cold, other environments
• All the changes that have transformed life from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of creatures today
• The mechanism for evolution proposed by Darwin is "Natural Selection" or "Descent with Modification"
• Natural selection drives evolution through variation, differential reproduction, and heredity
• Studying animal behavior informs us about how animals think, act, and interact
• Steps to study animal behavior

  1. Formulate initial questions and make preliminary observations

  2. Formulate hypotheses and make predictions

  3. Choose behavioral measures and research design (methods)

  4. Define each measure

  5. Select the appropriate recording methods

  6. Practice the recording methods

  7. Collect the data

  8. Analyze the data

  9. Draw some conclusions and return to step 1
• Internal requirements for behavior

  • Hunger, disease, parasites
• Understanding animal behavior helps in making changes for the common welfare
• Animal behaviour


  Simply what the animal is doing, or how they are reacting
• Evolution of insalubrity resistance
• To some extent, all behaviors are genetic
• Evolution was proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859 in "The Origin of Species"
• Darwin proposed that all organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor
• Directional Selection


  Shifts the genetic makeup of the population by favoring one extreme over others as a result of an environmental change
• Differential reproductive success in

  Drives evolution
• Diversifying Selection

  • Gray and Himalayan rabbits better blend with a rocky environment, resulting in diversity
• Individuals do not evolve, populations do