OB

• Normal urine specific gravity


  1.010 - 1.030
• Urine specific gravity below 1.010

  Urine is diluted (Polyuria)
• Urine specific gravity above 1.030


  Urine is concentrated (oliguria)
• Hot compress


  • Vasodilator
  • Increases blood supply
  • Increases permeability
  • Increases metabolism
  • Causes vasoconstriction
• Cold compress


  • Vasoconstrictor
  • Decreases blood supply
  • Decreases permeability
  • Decreases metabolism
  • Causes vasodilation
• Rebound effect


  Opposite of the initial effect
• Imonth


  • Throaty sounds
  • Fisted /Close hands
  • Head lag Isag
  • Nearsighted/Myopia 8-12 inches
  • No Binocular Vision
  • Breast witch milk normal
• 2 months


  • Cooing Sounds
  • Open hands + Darwin | Palmar Grasp
  • Neak Grasp handle rattle briefly momentarily
  • Social Smile
  • + Binocular Vision
  • Tries to lift his/ her head
• 3 months


  • Laugh Out Loud (L.O.L)
  • Hand to mouth
  • + head sag | lag or Giggling Giggles
  • Thumb Sucking do not discourage to avoid
  • Give Pacifier
  • ORAL FIXATION
  • Closure of LAMBDA/ POSTERIOR FONTANEL (2-3 months)
• 4 months


  • Babbling | Babbles
  • Disappearance of Reflexes (Feeding, M/S TN, Ble, DIS. P/D₁)
  • Earliest time to give (Cereals)
  • Hand regard -Reaches Mobile
  • Eyes will follow objects
  • Side ways roll
• 5 months


  • Strong grasp handles rattle well
  • Takes objets toys
  • Angerl Crying if objects / toys are taken
  • No^ Sag lag
  • Roll over
• 6 months


  • Imitates sounds
  • Easily roll over away
  • Hands together
  • Lhold a cup
  • Sit with support sit in High Chair
  • Birthweight : x2
  • Best Time: complementary feeding
  • weaning
  • First Teeth eruption: A pair of lower central incissors (MADEBULAR INCISORS)
  • First Dental Visit
• 7 months


  • can say Da"-"Ba"
  • Toes to Mouth
  • hand to hand transfer of objects (baby can transpor rattle)
  • Start: Stranger Anxiety / Fear
• 9 months


  • First word → Dada
  • Creep and crawl
  • Disappearance of Stranger Anxiety
  • Start to Wave bye-bye
  • Early Pincer Grasp (thumb to finger)
• 10 months


  • Well refined: Pincer Grasp
  • Stand with support
  • Object permanence most important cognitive development
  • Earliest Sign look for Fallen object under the table.
  • Peak --boo
  • look for toys under mattress
• 11 months


  • Cruising walking while holding the wall | Furnitures.
• 12 months


  • Walk with support
  • Stand Alone
  • Hold a spoon
  • Scribbles www
  • 2-3 linking words
  • "mama-dede" 4 dada dede-yaya
  • Birthweight: X3
• 15 months


  • walk alone
  • walk backwards
  • Creep to stairs
• 18 months


  • Transition: baby to toddler
  • Nadding gait
  • Walk well
  • large head
  • Lordosis
  • Destructive
  • Protruding Abdomen and Noisy
  • Climb to stairs (same foot first) Lholding the handles
  • Closure of ANTERIOR FONTANEL or BREGMA
  • "NO" 12-18 months ↳ negativism
  • Management: offer choices