11Chem. Mod1

• What is the chemical formula for Ammonium?

  NH4+
• What is the chemical formula for Ammonia?

  NH3
• What is the chemical formula for Carbonate?

  CO32-
• What is the chemical formula for Hydrogen Carbonate (Bicarbonate)?

  HCO3-
• What is the chemical formula for Cyanide?

  CN-
• What is the chemical formula for Chromate?

  CrO42-
• What is the chemical formula for Dichromate?

  Cr2O72-
• What is the chemical formula for Hydroxide?

  OH-
• What is the chemical formula for Hypochlorite?

  HCIO-
• What is the chemical formula for Nitrate?

  NO3-
• What is the chemical formula for Nitrite?

  NO2-
• What is the chemical formula for Phosphate?

  PO43-
• What are isotopes?

  Elements with extra neutrons
• How are elements denoted?

  By their weight
• What does the notation ZAM represent?

  Z - Atomic Number, A - Atomic Weight, M - Element
• What is relative atomic mass?

  Average mass of an element
• What is radioactivity?

  Spontaneous emission of radiation from isotopes
• Why are some isotopes unstable?

  Imbalance of forces within the nucleus
• What are the two major forces in the nucleus?

  Electrostatic repelling force and nuclear attraction
• How does the size of a nucleus affect stability?

  Larger nuclei have imbalanced forces, causing instability
• What are radioactive isotopes also called?

  Radioisotopes
• What is alpha radiation?

  Emission of a helium nucleus
• What happens to an element during alpha decay?

  It loses two protons and two neutrons
• What is beta radiation?

  Emission of a beta particle and a neutrino
• What is a neutrino?

  A tiny, chargeless particle
• What is a beta particle?

  An electron formed from neutron decay
• What is gamma radiation?

  A type of electromagnetic radiation
• Why does a daughter isotope emit gamma rays?

  To radiate surplus energy after decay
• What is half-life?

  Time for half of atoms to decay
• How does ionization potential relate to radiation?

  It strips away electrons to create ions
• Which type of radiation has high ionization potential?

  Alpha radiation
• What is the N/Z ratio for unstable isotopes?

  Higher or lower than 1-1.5
• What happens to radioisotopes during decay?

  They decay into smaller stable isotopes
• What is the Pauli Principle?

  No two electrons can have identical quantum numbers
• What happens when electrons are heated?

  They move up energy levels
• What is the Bohr model known for?

  Predicting reactions of atoms accurately
• What is the formula for the number of electrons in each shell in the Bohr model?

  2n²
• What is the major evidence for the Bohr model?

  The emission spectrum line for each element
• How do Schrodinger's orbitals differ from Bohr's shells?

  Orbitals are based on probability, shells are fixed
• What do S, P, D, and F orbitals hold?

  2, 6, 10, and 14 electrons respectively