Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cell

• What is the function of the cytoplasmic structure in prokaryotic cells?

  Site of oxidative and transport enzymes
• What is the chemical composition of the prokaryotic cell membrane?

  Lipoprotein bilayer beneath cell wall
• What are the photosynthetic pigments found in prokaryotic cells?

  Carotenoids, bacteriochlorophyll, phycobiliproteins
• What is the function of the S-layer in prokaryotic cells?

  Protects the cell from degrading enzymes
• How does the cell envelope contribute to prokaryotic cell function?

  It provides selective permeability and transport
• What are peptidoglycans composed of?

  N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
• What is the role of teichoic and teichuronic acid in Gram-positive cell walls?

  They contribute to cell wall structure and stability
• What is the most abundant protein in Gram-negative organisms?

  Lipoproteins
• What is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composed of?

  A polysaccharide core and Lipid-A
• What is the function of the periplasmic space in Gram-negative bacteria?

  Contains hydrolytic enzymes, including β-lactamases
• What are the methods of DNA transfer in prokaryotic cells?

  • Transformation: Naked DNA transfer
  • Conjugation: Direct cell-to-cell contact
  • Transduction: DNA transfer via bacteriophage
• What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells regarding DNA?

  Eukaryotic DNA is in a true nucleus
• What are the membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells?

  Mitochondria, ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes
• How do eukaryotic cells divide?

  They divide by mitosis
• What is the composition of the cell wall in algae?

  Cellulose
• What is the function of glycocalyx in eukaryotic cells?

  Contributes to cell-to-cell recognition
• How does the cytoplasmic membrane of eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

  It contains carbohydrates and sterols
• What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm called?

  Cytosol
• What is cytoplasmic streaming?

  Movement of cytoplasm within the cell
• What are the characteristics of flagella in eukaryotic cells?

  Few and long relative to cell size
• What is the function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

  Digest bacteria and cellular debris
• What is the role of vacuoles in plant cells?

  Store water and provide rigidity
• What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

  Produce energy through cellular respiration
• What is the distinguishing feature of prokaryotic cells regarding their DNA?

  DNA is not enclosed within a membrane
• How do prokaryotic cells typically divide?

  They usually divide by binary fission
• What is the structure of the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?

  Lacks nuclear membrane and contains DNA
• What is the composition of the DNA in prokaryotic cells?

  Single circle of double-stranded DNA
• What is the function of antibiotic resistance genes in prokaryotic cells?

  Provide resistance to specific antibiotics