biogenetics

• photosynthesis converts light energy to glucose for food
• light, temperature, and CO2 are the main limiting factors of photosynthesis
• word equation for photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water —> glucose and oxygen
• chemical equation for photosynthesis:

  6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts
• plants use glucose for respiration, storage as starch, proteins, cellulose, seeds, and fruits
• glucose is combined with nitrate ions to produce amino acids which then make proteins
• glucose is turned into lipids for storage in seeds
• glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls
• glucose is turned into sucrose to be stored in fruits
• glucose is turned into insoluble starch
• some glucose is used for respiration which releases energy, this enables then to turn the rest into other substances
• a limiting factor limits the rate of reaction by being in short supply
• when the temp gets above 45 degrees, the enzymes become denatured and decrease the rate of photosynthesis
• you can artificially create the ideal conditions for farming
• using greenhouses is the most common way to create the ideal environment for plants
• greenhouses trap the suns heat and make sure the temperature doesn’t become limiting
• in winters farmers might use heaters to keep greenhouses warm
• in summer farmers use shades and ventilation to cool greenhouses down
• farmers supply artificial light to plants
• farmers can use partition lamps to increase the level of carbon dioxide
• scientists usually measure the rate of oxygen production to measure the rate of photosynthesis
• photosynthesis mainly happens in the mesophyll cells
• enzymes control the rate of reactions inside a cell
• aerobic respiration equation:

  glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide
• anaerobic respiration equation:

  glucose —> lactic acid + a lil bit of energy
• anaerobic respiration is the incomplete breakdown of glucose and releases less energy
• oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to remove lactic acid from the muscles
• muscle cells have lots of mitochondria to respire lots
• cellular respiration is an example of aerobic respiration
• fermentation is an example of anaerobic respiration
• increased heart rate, breathing rate and breathing depth are all immediate effects of exercise
• fatigue, dizziness and cramps are short term effects of exercise
• weight loss, increased muscle strength and decreased heart rate are long term effects of exercise
• catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
• anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules and rebuild proteins
• metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell or organism
• metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body per second, measured in calories
• endothermic reactions are reactions that take in energy from the surroundings