Sociology- Families and Households- Demography

    Cards (257)

    • What is the definition of birth rate?
      Average no. of babies per 1000 per year
    • Since 1900, what has been the long-term trend in birth rates?
      Long-term decline
    • What was the approximate birth rate in England and Wales in 1900?
      28.7
    • What was the birth rate in England and Wales in 1970?
      15.5
    • What was the birth rate in England and Wales in 2022?
      11.2
    • How many baby booms occurred in the 20th century?
      Three
    • When did two of the baby booms occur in the 20th century?
      After WWI and WWII
    • What is the total fertility rate (TFR)?
      Avg children women have during fertile years
    • What were the fertile years used to calculate TFR?
      15-44
    • What was the UK's TFR in the 1960s baby boom?
      2.95
    • What was the UK's TFR by 2014?
      1.83
    • What was the UK's TFR in 2028?
      1.47
    • What TFR does the ONS principal population projection assume by 2032?
      1.43
    • What TFR does the ONS principal population projection assume by 2047?
      1.45
    • Why do people not need to replace children who die?
      Infant deaths are very low
    • What has contributed to the decline in birth rate alongside child-centredness?
      Decline in the infant mortality rate
    • What is now prioritized instead of quantity in child-centredness?
      Quality
    • What kind of liability are children now considered?
      Economic liability
    • What were children considered in the past?
      Economic asset
    • What change in women's position contributes to decline in birth rate?
      Increased education
    • What has changed a girl's mindset regarding family size?
      Educating girls
    • What are some of the changes in women's position that have contributed to a decline in the birth rate?
      • Legal equality with men, including the right to vote
      • Increased educational opportunities
      • Girls now do better at school than boys
      • More women in paid employment, plus laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination
      • Changes in attitudes to family and women's role
      • Easier access to divorce
      • Access to abortion and reliable contraception giving women more control over their fertility
    • According to Harper (2012), what is the most important reason for the long-term fall in birth and fertility rates?
      Education of women
    • How has education led to women having fewer children?
      Family planning, other life possibilities
    • What do educated women often expect apart from traditional roles?
      Other possibilities in life
    • What are many women choosing to do to pursue a career?
      Delay childbearing or not to have children
    • In 2012, what proportion of women aged 45 were childless compared to 25 years earlier?
      Double the number
    • What happens to cultural norms about family size once a pattern of low fertility lasts for more than one generation?
      They change
    • What do smaller families become when low fertility lasts for generations?
      The norm
    • What may large families be seen as when low fertility lasts for generations?
      Deviant or less acceptable
    • What does the infant mortality rate (IMR) measure?
      Infant deaths before first birthday per year
    • What does Harper say a fall in the IMR leads to?
      A fall in the birth rate
    • Why does a fall in the IMR lead to a fall in the birth rate?
      Parents don't need to replace lost children
    • What was the IMR for the UK in 1900?
      154
    • What was the world's highest estimated IMR in 2014?
      Afghanistan, at 117
    • What is the IMR in the UK in 2024?
      3.25 deaths per 1000 live births
    • What are some of the reasons for the fall in the UK's IMR during the first half of the 20th century?
      • Improved housing and better sanitation
      • Better nutrition, including that of mothers
      • Better knowledge of hygiene, child health and welfare
      • A fall in the number of married women working may have improved their health and that of their babies
      • Improved services for mothers and children
    • What began to play a greater role in affecting the IMR from the 1950s?
      Medical factors
    • What did improvements in neonatal medicines contribute to?
      A fall in the IMR
    • According to Brass and Kabir, where did the IMR first begin to fall?
      Rural areas
    See similar decks