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Sociology- Families and Households- Demography
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Cards (257)
What is the definition of birth rate?
Average no. of babies
per
1000
per year
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Since 1900, what has been the long-term trend in birth rates?
Long-term decline
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What was the approximate birth rate in England and Wales in 1900?
28.7
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What was the birth rate in England and Wales in 1970?
15.5
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What was the birth rate in England and Wales in 2022?
11.2
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How many baby booms occurred in the 20th century?
Three
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When did two of the baby booms occur in the 20th century?
After
WWI
and
WWII
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What is the total fertility rate (TFR)?
Avg
children
women
have during fertile years
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What were the fertile years used to calculate TFR?
15-44
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What was the UK's TFR in the 1960s baby boom?
2.95
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What was the UK's TFR by 2014?
1.83
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What was the UK's TFR in 2028?
1.47
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What TFR does the ONS principal population projection assume by 2032?
1.43
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What TFR does the ONS principal population projection assume by 2047?
1.45
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Why do people not need to replace children who die?
Infant deaths
are very
low
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What has contributed to the decline in birth rate alongside child-centredness?
Decline in the
infant mortality rate
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What is now prioritized instead of quantity in child-centredness?
Quality
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What kind of liability are children now considered?
Economic
liability
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What were children considered in the past?
Economic asset
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What change in women's position contributes to decline in birth rate?
Increased
education
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What has changed a girl's mindset regarding family size?
Educating
girls
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What are some of the changes in women's position that have contributed to a decline in the birth rate?
Legal equality
with men, including the right to vote
Increased educational opportunities
Girls now do better at school than boys
More women in paid employment, plus laws outlawing
unequal pay
and
sex discrimination
Changes in attitudes to family and women's role
Easier access to divorce
Access to abortion and
reliable contraception
giving women more control over their fertility
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According to Harper (2012), what is the most important reason for the long-term fall in birth and fertility rates?
Education
of
women
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How has education led to women having fewer children?
Family
planning
, other
life
possibilities
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What do educated women often expect apart from traditional roles?
Other
possibilities
in life
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What are many women choosing to do to pursue a career?
Delay
childbearing
or not to have children
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In 2012, what proportion of women aged 45 were childless compared to 25 years earlier?
Double
the number
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What happens to cultural norms about family size once a pattern of low fertility lasts for more than one generation?
They
change
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What do smaller families become when low fertility lasts for generations?
The
norm
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What may large families be seen as when low fertility lasts for generations?
Deviant
or less acceptable
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What does the infant mortality rate (IMR) measure?
Infant deaths before
first
birthday per
year
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What does Harper say a fall in the IMR leads to?
A
fall
in the
birth rate
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Why does a fall in the IMR lead to a fall in the birth rate?
Parents don't need to
replace
lost children
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What was the IMR for the UK in 1900?
154
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What was the world's highest estimated IMR in 2014?
Afghanistan
, at
117
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What is the IMR in the UK in 2024?
3.25
deaths per
1000
live births
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What are some of the reasons for the fall in the UK's IMR during the first half of the 20th century?
Improved
housing and
better
sanitation
Better
nutrition
, including that of mothers
Better knowledge of hygiene, child health and welfare
A fall in the number of married women working may have improved their health and that of their babies
Improved services for mothers and children
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What began to play a greater role in affecting the IMR from the 1950s?
Medical factors
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What did improvements in neonatal medicines contribute to?
A fall in the
IMR
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According to Brass and Kabir, where did the IMR first begin to fall?
Rural
areas
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See all 257 cards
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