How do organisms reproduce ?

• Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes (eggs or sperm) from two parents to produce offspring that are genetically different.
• Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction where plants grow new shoots or roots from existing parts of their body.
• Meiosis results in non-identical daughter cells, whereas mitosis produces identical daughter cells.
• Asexual reproduction is when an individual produces offspring without fertilization, resulting in identical copies of itself.
• This generates diversity in traits and allows species to adapt to different environments.
• The advantages of sexual reproduction include genetic variation, which increases the chances of survival by producing individuals better adapted to their environment.
• Asexual reproduction is when an individual produces offspring without fusing with another parent, resulting in identical copies of itself.
• Disadvantages of sexual reproduction include the need for mating between males and females, which can be time-consuming and energy-intensive.
• Fragments can also be broken off by animals such as starfish, which then develop into new individuals.
• Mitosis occurs during growth and repair processes, while meiosis only happens once per lifetime.
• Budding is another form of asexual reproduction, where an animal grows a small bud on its surface which eventually breaks away as a separate individual.
• The number of chromosomes halves during meiosis, resulting in haploid cells with one set of chromosomes.
• The process of sexual reproduction involves the production of haploid gametes through meiosis, followed by the union of male and female gametes during fertilization.
• In animals, males have XY chromosomes while females have XX chromosomes.
• Fission is when an organism splits into two identical halves, with one half becoming a new individual.
• Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, producing diploid daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• In animals, the male gamete is called a sperm cell and the female gamete is called an egg cell.
• Fertilization can occur internally within the female reproductive system or externally outside the body.
• Disadvantages of sexual reproduction include increased time required for reproduction compared to asexual reproduction.
• Disadvantages of asexual reproduction include limited genetic variability, increased susceptibility to disease, and reduced ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
• In humans, sexual reproduction occurs through the union of egg and sperm during fertilization, leading to the formation of a zygote.
• Sexual reproduction involves two parents that produce gametes (eggs or sperm) through mitosis.
• Advantages of asexual reproduction include faster growth rates, higher reproductive success, and no need for mating behaviors.
• Examples of asexual reproduction include budding, fragmentation, binary fission, and parthenogenesis.
• Puberty refers to the onset of secondary sex characteristics and the development of reproductive organs.
• The process of human reproduction involves several stages, including puberty, menstrual cycle (in females), ovulation, fertilization, implantation, gestation, childbirth, and lactation.
• If there is no fertilization, the uterine lining breaks down and is shed as menstrual blood.
• Human males have testes that produce sperm cells and secrete male hormones such as testosterone.
• Females have ovaries that produce eggs and secrete female hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
• Types of pollination: self-pollination and cross pollination.
• Self-pollination: pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower
• Cross-pollination: transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same species.
• Cross-pollination can also be done by wind, insects, and animals.
• Placenta: Disc embedded on the uterine wall, contains villi on the embryo's side of the tissue. on the mother's side are blood spaces that surround the villi. (Provides large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from mother to embryo.)
• Gestation period: development of the child inside the womb takes approx. 9 months.
• DNA copying: the process of replicating the genetic material from 1 generation to the other. It is important because it generates variation during sexual reproduction, leading to evolution. it also ensures the stability of the population and the similarity of functions among organisms, It also helps in the transfer of information or characters from 1 parent to the offspring.