DNA RNA Protien Synthesis

• deoxyribose


  five carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
• Nitrogenous Base

  contains nitrogen atoms and carbon atoms and is a base
• Purine

  nitrogenous base with a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; adenine and guanine
• Pyrimidine

  nitrogenous base that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; cytosine and thymine
• Base Pairing Rules


  the rules stating that C=G and A=T
• Complementary base pair


  the nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; A=T OR U C=G
• Base sequence 


  the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA
• Watson and Crink Created;


  a model of DNA using Franklin and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction x-rays
• DNA structure

  made of two nucleotides that wrap around each other in the shape of a double helix
• DNA nucleotide

  made of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogenous bases
• Covalent and Hydrogen Bonds in DNA

  nucleotides along each strand of DNA are linked by covalent bonds; complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds
• DNA replication


  process by which DNA is copied in a cell before the cell divides
• Base pairing and DNA shape

  hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs holds the two strands of DNA together
• Helicase


  enzyme that unwinds DNA
• Replication Fork


  Y-shaped region that results when the two strands separate
• DNA polymerase

  enzyme that adds complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands
• semi conservative replication


  in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule and the other strand is from the new
• Mutation


  a change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule;
• Enzymes in replication

  replication starts with a helicase enzyme unwrapping DNA, DNA polymerase enzyme then forms new strands by adding complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands
• transcription

  DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA
• translation

  RNA directs the assembly of proteins
• protein synthesis

  forming proteins based on information in DNA; carried out by RNA; gene expression
• Flow of genetic information

  DNA -> RNA -> protien
• Genetic Code


  rules that relate how a sequence of nitrogenous bases in a nucleotide corresponds to a particular amino acid; identifies the specific amino coded for each mRNA codob
• ribose

  5 carbon sugar in RNA
• Messenger RNA

  mRNA, single stranded RNA that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protien
• Transfer RNA

  tRNA; transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein
• Ribosomal RNA


  rRNA; an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and is responsible for ribosome function
• RNA polymerase 


  enzyme that starts the formation of RNA by using a strand of DNA molecules as a template
• Promoter


  a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription
• Termination Signal 


  a specific sequence nucleotides that marks the end of a gene
• Codon

  three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal
• Anti-Codon

  three nucleotides on the tRNA that are complimentary to the codon of mRNA