S2 Geo

• Features of cities are: large population size, high population density, range of functions, built up area
• if the country does not use a minimum population size, they use other indicators such as employment, provision of infrastructure and services to determine if the area should be classified as urban or rural
• High population density is the number of people living in a unit area of land. Cities are likely to have a high population density compared to other areas in the country.
• The formula to calculate high population density is the number of people living in the area divided by the land area.
• Most of the land surface are covered by buildings and extensive infrastructure that provide basic services
• The basic services provided are: water, electricity, sanitation, telecommunication and transport
• The range of functions are:

  administrative, commercial, industrial, manufacturing, education,medical and cultural.
• Examples of Push factors are: lack of joy, famine, war, lack of amenities and lack of basic services. these factors are undesirable.
• examples of pull factors are: job offers, proper education, safe environment, basic services provided. These factors are desirable.
• rural-urban migration refers to the movement of people from rural areas into cities to live and work.
• The desicion to migrate is often the combination of both pull and push factors
• Examples of how cities and rural areas rely on each other:

  rural areas- they benefit by getting income from selling their produce to urban areas. they can get a higher standard of living and can benefit from getting certain services and goods (eg quality medical care or household appliances from the city.)
• examples of how the cities and rural areas rely on each other:

  cities- they benefit as they have quality food supply and land in urban areas are limited and expensive. sourcing their food from rural areas will allow them to keep the prices at a minimum.
• as cities grow and develop, their people benefit from more opportunities. opportunities include education and employment.
• cities are centres of technological innovation. they use scientific knowledge to create new products of service to find solutions for challenges in the present and future.
• increase use of fossil fuels have led to water and air pollution. these are challenges that affect the quality of life of its inhabitants.
• competition for limited natural resources such as land and water arises because of the high demand.