Joints, Movements and Muscles

• The skeleton supports the posture of the body and provides framework.
• The skeleton protects the vital organs.
• The skeleton creates movements within joints and creates levers.
• The skeleton produces red bloodcells in the bone marrow.
• The skeleton stores minerals like calcium.
• Bones are made of calcium and contain bone marrow.
• Bones support the body and protect vital organs.
• Joints are where 2 or more bones meet. They contain synovial fluid, cartilage and synovial membrane.
• Joints provde friction free movement.
• Ligaments are a tough band of slightly elastic tissue.
• Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize the joint.
• Tendons are a tough band of fibrous tissue.
• Tendon's connect muscle to bone and withstand tension and pulls on a bone to cause movement.
• Articular cartilage is smooth tissue that covers the head of articulating surfaces.
• Articular cartilage absorbs shock and allows friction free movement.
• The joint capsule is a fibrous sac with inner synovial membrane.
• The joint capsule encloses the joint.
• The bursa reduces friction between tissues.
• The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid.
• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint which reduces friction.
• Pads of fat absorb shock and fills large spaces in the joint.
• The muscles around the Shoulder are: Deltoid (posterior, middle, anterior); Latissimus Dorsi; Pectoralis Major; Trapezius; Teres Minor.
• The shoulder is a ball and socket joint.
• The elbow is a hinge joint.
• The muscles at the elbow are: Biceps Brachii; Triceps Brachii.
• The wrist is a condyloid joint.
• The muscles at the wrist are: Wrist Flexors; Wrist Extensors.
• The hip is a ball and socket joint.
• The muscles at the hip are: Illiopsoas; Gluteus Maximus; Gluteus Medius; Gluteus Minimus; Adductor Longus; Adductor Brevis; Adductor Magnus.
• The knee is a hinge joint.
• The muscles at the knee are: Biceps Femoris; Semi-Membranasus; Semi-Tendinosus; Rectus Femoris; Vastus Lateralis; Vastus Intermedius; Vastus Medialis.
• The ankle is a hinge joint.
• The muscles at the ankle are: Tibialis Anterior; Soleus; Gastrocnemius.
• Flexion is decreasing the angle between 2 bones.
• Flexion happens in the sagittal plane.
• Extension is increasing the angle between 2 bones.
• Extension happens in the sagittal plane.
• Horizontal flexion is the movement towards the midline of the body, parallel to the ground.
• Horizontal flexion happens in the transverse plane.
• Horizontal extension is movement away from the midline of the body, parallel to the ground.