Developmental Biology

• What Is RNA Polymerase And Its Role?

  Enzyme. Transcription.
• What Is DNA Polymerase And Its Role?

  Enzyme. It synthesizes DNA strands during replication.
• The Different Functions Between DNA And RNA Polymerase?


  DNA Polymerase: Synthesizes DNA during replication. RNA Polymerase: Synthesizes RNA during transcription.
• What Is An Intron?

  Noncoding DNA within a gene.
• What Is An Exon?

  Coding region of a gene.
• Difference Between Transcription And Translation?

  Transcription: DNA to mRNA. Translation: mRNA to protein.
• What Is The Difference Between The Antisense vs Sense Strand?

  Antisense: Complementary to mRNA. Sense: Same as mRNA.
• Redundancy Definition?

  Repetition
• Name Of All Organelles?

  Nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, chloroplast, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole, ribosome, cytoskeleton.
• Function Of All Organelles?

  Nucleus: Contains DNA

  Mitochondria: Produces energy

  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes proteins

  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes lipids and steriods

  Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins

  Lysosomes: Digests waste

  Vacuoles: Stores materials

  Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis

  Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell
• Theory Of Origin In Terms Of Mitochondria And Chloroplasts?

  Endosymbiotic theory
• What Is The Endosymbiotic Theory?

  Theory explaining the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms through symbiosis.
• Common Defects In Organelles And Their Consequences?

  Mitochondria - ATP production decreases Endoplasmic Reticulum - Protein synthesis is affected Golgi Apparatus - Impaired protein transport Lysosomes - Cellular waste accumulation
• What Is A Master Regulator?

  A gene or protein that controls the activity of many other genes.
• Function Of SRY and ey?

  SRY: Sex determination in males ey: Eye development
• Difference Between Heterochromatin and Euchromatin?

  Heterochromatin: Condensed, transcriptionally inactive DNA. Euchromatin: Less condensed, transcriptionally active DNA.
• What Is The Fluid Mosaic Model Definition Broken Down?

  Fluid: Refers to the ability of molecules to move within the membrane. Mosaic: Describes the diverse proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer. Model: Represents the structure of the cell membrane as a fluid and dynamic mosaic of lipids and proteins.
• The Process Of Cell Signaling?

  Reception, transduction, response.

  
• Steps Of Cell Development?

  Fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis.

  
• Name Of Different Stains?

  Hematoxylin, Eosin, Alcian blue
• Function Of Different Stains?

  Hematoxylin: Nucleus

  Eosin: Cytoplasm

  Alcian Blue: Connective Tissue
• What Is Immunohistochemistry?

  Detection of antigens in tissues using enzyme labelled antibodies.
• What Is Immunofluorescence?

  Technique to visualize proteins or other molecules in cells using fluorescently labeled antibodies.
• Differences And Similarities Between Immunohistochemistry And Immunofluorescence?

  Immunohistochemistry: uses enzymes to visualize antigens in tissue sections. Immunofluorescence: uses fluorescent dyes to visualize antigens in cells or tissues.

  Both techniques involve the use of antibodies to detect specific antigens and proteins in cells and tissues and can show how they interact with one another.
• What Direction Does A Codon Go In?

  5’ to 3’
• What Direction Does The Anticodon Go?

  3’ to 5’
• Difference Between Immunohistochemistry And Immunofluorescence?

  Immunohistochemistry: Uses enzymes linked to antibodies that produce a brown colour to visualize antigens (proteins) in tissue sections. Immunofluorescence: Uses fluorophores that generate a fluorescent signal to visualize antigens in cells or tissues.
• The Stages Of Cellular Differentiation?

  1. Totipotent
  2. Pluripotent
  3. Multipotent
  4. Nullipotent
• What Are The 3 Bases Of The Original Cell Theory?

  1. All living organisms are composed of cells.
  2. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  3. The cell is the basic unit of life.
• What Are The 4 Bases Of The Modern Cell Theory?

  1. Cells contains hereditary information that can be passed on.
  2. All cells are essentially comprised of the same chemical mix.
  3. Cells carry out all the basic chemical and physiological processes within themselves.
  4. Cellular activity depends on the activities of subcellular structures.
• What Is A Totipotent Stage?

  Zygote
• What Is A Zygote?

  Fertilized egg
• What Is A Pluripotent Cell?

  A cell that can develop into any type of cell in the body. A blastocyst.
• What Occurs In A Blastocyst?

  Is a cluster of rapidly dividing cells. The inner group of cells will become the embryo. The outer group will become the cells that nourish and protect it
• What Is A Multipotent Cell?

  Cells which have the ability to differentiate into all cell types within one particular lineage. Gastrula.
• What Is A Gastrulation?

  Is the stage during which the blastula, or blastocyst, is reorganized into two-germinal layers or three- germinal layers of cells. This is a known as a gastrula. 
• What Is A Nullipotent Cell?


  A cell that has lost its ability to differentiate. (Terminally Different)
• What Is The Mesoderm And What Does It Form?

  Middle germ layer between the ectoderm and endoderm, which forms muscles, bones, circulatory system.
• What Is The Ectoderm And What Does It Form?

  Ectoderm: outermost germ layer in embryonic development. Forms skin, nervous system, and related structures.
• What Is The Endoderm And What Does It Form?

  Endoderm: Innermost germ layer of cells in the early embryo. Forms the lining of the digestive tract and associated organs.