Chapter 1

• reductionism is an approach that reduces complex systems to simpler components, ignoring the interaction between these components
• the cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells, cells come from other cells, and cells contain hereditary information.
• Emergent is the approach that increases complexity of the systems
• Atoms are the smallest unit of matter with unique properties
• The levels of biological organization include atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere
• Molecules are two or more atoms chemically bonded together
• Organelles are structures within a cell that perform specific functions
• Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to carry out a function
• Molecules are composed of two or more atoms chemically bonded together
• Organelles are specialized structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions
• Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to carry out a common function
• Organs are groups of different types of tissue working together to carry out a function
• An organism is an individual living thing
• Cells are the basic units of life, capable of carrying on all the chemical reactions necessary for living
• Ecosystem is an interacting system of a community of organisms and their physical environment
• Organs are complex structures made up of different types of tissue working together to carry out a particular function
• Cells are the basic unit of life, consisting of a membrane enclosing cytoplasm containing organelles
• Systems are collections of organs working together to carry out an overall body function
• The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and directs cell activities.
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
• Biosphere is the part of Earth's surface where life exists
• Organ systems are collections of organs that work together to perform specific functions within the body
• Community is a group of populations of different species living in the same place at the same time
• Prokaryotic cell: A cell that does not have a nucleus
• Eukaryotic cell: A cell with a true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and other structures enclosed by a plasma membrane
• Chloroplast: Organelle found only in plants and algae that contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthesis
• Cytoskeleton: The network of protein fibers inside eukaryotic cells that gives them shape and allows movement
• Cell wall: An external structure found only in plant cells; made up of cellulose fibers
• Cell wall: An extracellular structure found only in plant cells and some bacteria; made up of polysaccharides (cellulose) and provides support and protection
• Mitochondrion: An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that produces energy through aerobic respiration.
• Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis in all cells; made up of RNA and proteins
• Vacuole: A fluid-filled sac found in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, waste products, pigments, and other substances
• Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis in all living things
• Ribosome: A small particle composed of RNA and proteins where protein synthesis occurs
• Nucleus: A membrane-bound organelle containing the genetic material (DNA) of the cell
• Nucleolus: A region within the nucleus where RNA molecules are produced.
• ACGT is the basic genetic code of DNA, which is the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
• ACGU is the code of RNA which is a product from DNA
• The re are 3 domains of organisms - bacteria, archaea and eukarya
• Matter consists of chemical elements and their compounds called molecules