BPK 142 Unit 7: Respiratory + Cardiovascular System

• Upper respiratory tract structures

  • Nasal cavity
  • Larynx (voice box)
  • Pharynx
• Alveoli

  Terminal center of gas exchange, pick up oxygen during inspiration, release carbon dioxide during expiration
• Lungs

  Process of gas exchange called respiration, during respiration in the lungs, oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves blood
• Alveolar pressure

  Pressure of air inside alveoli
• Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

  Maximum volume able to inspire after resting/normal end of expiration, approx 75% vital capacity at rest, tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
• Vital Capacity (VC)

  Greatest volume able to expel by forced effort after maximal inspiration, amount of air breathed in normally + amount of air forcefully inspired and forcefully expired, the sum of inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume, the volume is 4600mL
• Residual Volume (Rv)

  Volume of air that resides in the lungs after forced expiration
• Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

  Normal volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration, (Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)
• Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

  Subject instructured to expire as hard and fast as possible in the span of four seconds
• Alveolar Ventilation (Va)

  Volume of air that makes it the alveoli per minute, this is the only air that participates in blood gas exchange. Alveolar ventilation is obtained from subtracting the anatomical dead space from the tidal volume
• Obstructive disorders of respiratory system

  Blocking or narrowing of airways causes an increase in resistance within the airways, this makes it harder to move air inside and out of the respiratory system. Obstructive disorder blockage is due to inflammation and edema, smooth muscle constriction of bronchial secretion. Causes decreased FEV 1.0 (volume of air expired during first one second of forced vital capacity maneuver), the fev1.0/vc is much less than 80%. Causes a decreases MBC (maximal breathing capacity)
• Restrictive disorders of the respiratory system

  Damage to lung tissue that causes loss of elasticity and compliance (ability to open and close) within the lungs. Restrictive respiratory system disorders limits the ability for the lung to expand. Causes all lung volumes to reduce, the tissue of the lungs is stiff and cant be expanded fat. Both FEV1.0 and MBC are reduced but the ration is usually 90% of higher (within that range of each other)
• Examples of restrictive respiratory system disorders

  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Pneumonia
• Divisions of the circulatory system

  • Pulmonary
  • Systemic
• Pulmonary circuit

  Blood vessels going to and from the lungs
• Systemic circuit

  Blood vessels going to and from rest of body tissues
• The Heart

  A 4 chambered muscular pump that propels blood through blood vessels
• Functions of the heart

  • Power circulatory system
  • Transportation of nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones
• Atria

  2 upper chambers of the heart, they receive blood that is coming back to the heart after circulation
• Ventricles

  The 2 lower chambers of the heart
• System disorders

  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Pneumonia
• Circulatory system

  Also known as the cardiovascular system
• Circulatory system

  • Composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood
  • Function is to transport essential materials through the body to cells, such as oxygen, fuel molecules, hormones
  • Also collects waste made by metabolic activity, such as carbon dioxide, lactate, urea
• Divisions of the circulatory system

  • Pulmonary
  • Systemic
• Systemic circuit

  Blood vessels going to and from the rest of the body tissues
• The heart

  • A 4 chambered muscular pump that propels blood through blood vessels
  • Functions are to power the circulatory system and transport nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones
• Ventricles

  The 2 lower chambers of the heart that are a high pressure pump expelling blood out of the heart
• Right ventricle

  Pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit
• Left ventricle

  Pumps blood through the systemic circuit
• The left ventricle wall is thicker because the systemic circulation contains higher pressure than the pulmonary circulation
• Heart valves

  Control the direction of blood flow through the heart, an open valve allows blood flow and a closed valve does not allow backflow
• Heart murmur

  A condition where a valve is damaged or cannot close properly, causing blood regurgitation and an abnormal sound
• Myocardium

  The heart muscle, a specialized striated muscle called cardiac muscle composed of cardiac cells separated by connective tissue
• Deoxygenated pathway of blood

  Blood enters via vena cava -> right atrium (contract) -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle (contract) -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs for gas exchange
• Bradycardia

  Slower than normal heart rate
• Fibrillation

  ECG is disorganized because the heart is out of sync, atrial fibrillation reduces pumping efficiency, ventricular fibrillation means the heart does not function as an effective pump
• Coronary arteries

  • Left and right coronary arteries originate from the aorta above the aortic valve
• Cardiac muscle requires a rich blood supply, at rest the normal blood flow to the myocardium is about 4% of total cardiac output</b>
• During exercise, blood flow to the heart stays at 4% of cardiac output but increases to meet the higher demand
• 70-80% of oxygen is extracted from blood flowing in the coronary vessels, compared to 30% in other tissues