Pest 1-IPM

• harmonious utilization of several methods to control a single or various pests as well as the impacts of multiple pests.

  Integration
• Example of integration

  Cultural + Biological Control
• any organisms detrimental to humans, including invertebrates and vertebrates animals, weeds & pathogens

  Pest
• set of decision rules based on ecological principles, economic & social considerations

  Management
• physical harm to a valued commodity caused by the presence or activities

  Injury
• the monetary value lost to the commodity as a result of injury by the pest (spoilage, reduction in yield, loss of quality)

  Damage/Economic Injury
• the best mix of pest control tactics for local pest problem as measured by the parameters of yield, profit, safety & stability

  Integrated Pest Management
• Utilizes all suitable techniques & methods in a compatible manner, maintains pest population at levels below causing economic injury.

  Integrated Pest Management
• is the maintenance of population number (or biomass) with certain upper & lower limits by the action of the whole

  environment (biotic & abiotic factors)

  Equilibrium position
• average population density of pest over a long period of time

  Equilibrium position
• Goals IPM emphasizes on the following:

  1. Safe for farmers and consumers b) Cost-effective, easy to adopt & integrated with other crop protection practices c) Durable & without adverse environmental consequences d) Used w/ ecosystems as the ecological focus
• IPM Scope

  a. Field Sanitation

  b. Scouting/Monitoring

  a. rigid block b. random walk c. hotspot

  c. Pesticide application at economic threshold level

  d. Reduction in frequency of pest outbreaks

  e. Reliance of Biological Control Agents

  1. Parasitoid 2. Pathogen 3. Predators

  f. multi-tactic prevention-based interventions
• the overall plan to eliminate or alleviate a real perceived pest problem

  Pest Management Strategy
• Aim to reduce the pest status

  Pest Management Strategy
• strategy depends on the particular life system of the pest & crop involved.

  Pest Management Strategy
• -WHEN PEST DENSITIES ARE BELOW THE ECONOMIC THRESHOLD

  -SAMPLING (SURVEILLANCE) IS REQUIRED

  Do-nothing Strategy
• -REDUCE INSECT NUMBERS TO ALLEVIATE OR PREVENT PROBLEMS -THERAPEUTIC MANNER

  -PREVENTIVE MANNER

  Reduce-numbers Strategy
• -Rely on changes made in the host plant or animal that render it less susceptible to an otherwise damaging pest population

  -Improving plant vitality through fertilizer application

  Reduce-Crop Susceptibility Strategy
• -COMBINES OBJECTIVES OF ALL PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED STRATEGIES TO PRODUCE A PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM WITH SEVERAL TACTICS.

  -PEST CONTROL USING A SINGLE TACTIC IS SUBJECT TO FAILURE

  -THE USE OF MULTIPLE STRATEGIES AND TACTICS IS THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF IPM

  Combined Strategies
• Management Rules

  -Know your crop (variety, demand)

  -Know your pests (life cycle, behaviour, occurrence)

  -Understand that an ecosystem is a management unit (component: role)

  -Maximize the use of non-chemical methods of pest control

  -That any control tactic may produce undesirable or unexpected effects

  -The presence of pestiferous organism in a crop does not necessarily constitute pest problem
• Features of IPM

  -Combines 2 or more compatible & harmonious control tactics

  -Considers high yield & profit (least input costs)

  -Gives importance to the safety

  -Reduce frequency of pest outbreaks

  -Emphasis on management rather than control

  -Not static concept but rather Dynamic/
• ideas of economic damage, economic-injury level, and economic threshold

  Economic-injury level concept
• ideas of economic damage, economic-injury level, and economic threshold

  Economic-injury level concept
• insect pest density at which control measures should be applied or implemented to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level (EIL/ economic damage)

  Economic threshold level
• ETL is also called as

  Control Action Threshold (CAT)
• is the amount of injury (or damage) equal to the cost of control

  •EIL or economic damage
• Physical factors/conditions:

  Wind, Temperature, Soil Type
• Biological factors

  Food plants, predators, parasites
• Mixed cropping = greater stability/balance
• physical environment (abiotic) determines or sets the load limit or carrying capacity of an environment
• Regulation occurs of the action of biological(biotic) agents.