PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 LECTURE

• Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of facts that line an individual's speculation with reality.
• A solution to a problem must be based on knowledge, not on mere beliefs, guesses, or theory.
• In research, systematic and well-planned procedures are required to meet the need so that information is acquired and evaluated for its accuracy and effectiveness.
• The information and data pursued through questioning in inquiry begin with gathering by applying the different human senses.
• Inquiry is synonymous with the word "investigation".
• Qualitative research is an interview-based research.
• Data gathering methods of qualitative research include written transcripts and written interviews, and verbal audios and video recordings.
• If an interviewee is not familiar with the English language, make sure to translate the interview to their native language.
• Research must consist of 10 questions.
• Human senses are also known as "empirical evidences".
• Research is the scientific investigation of phenomena, including collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of facts that align an individual's speculation with reality
• Solutions to problems in research must be based on knowledge, not mere beliefs, guesses, or theories
• A systematic and well-planned procedure is required in research to acquire information and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness
• Research is a process of inquiry
• Inquiry is defined as "a seeking for truth, information, or knowledge"
• Information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by applying the different human senses
• Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death
• Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation
• Differentiate Inquiry from Research:
• Inquiry is synonymous with investigation, involving asking questions to probe or examine something for truth, information, or knowledge
• Research is a systematic and objective creation of knowledge, systematic (with a system or method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge creation (a creative process)
• Purpose of Research:
• To inform action
• To prove or generate a theory
• To augment knowledge in a field or study
• Importance of Research in Daily Life:
• Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further investigation of the actual condition
• Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life, helping solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology, and environment
• Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others for public awareness
• Characteristics of research:

  • Empirical: based on direct experience or observation by the researcher
  • Logical: based on valid procedures and principles
  • Cyclical: starts with a problem and ends with a problem
  • Analytical: utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data
  • Critical: exhibits careful and precise judgment
  • Methodical: conducted without bias using systematic methods
  • Replicability: research design and procedures are replicated to arrive at valid results
• The seven steps of the research process:

  • Step 1: Define and develop your topic (Research Problem) considering factors like researcher's area of interest, availability of funds, and investigator's ability and training
  • Step 2: Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature)
  • Step 3: Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology)
  • Step 4: Gather necessary data using open-ended questions for Qualitative Research and closed-ended questionnaire for Quantitative Research (Data Gathering Activities)
• Ethics in research:

  • Objectivity and integrity
  • Respect for research subjects' right to privacy and dignity
  • Presentation of research findings
  • Misuse of research role
  • Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
  • Distortions of findings by sponsor
• • Responsible Mentoring: educate and promote welfare of others
  • Responsible Publication: publish to advance research, not personal career
  • Respect for Colleagues: treat colleagues fairly and respect their opinions
  • Social Responsibility: promote social acceptance and prevent social harms
  • Non-discrimination: avoid discrimination based on irrelevant factors
  • Competence: maintain and improve professional competence
  • Legality: know and obey relevant laws and policies
  • Animal Care: show respect and care for animals in research
• • Human Subjects Protection: minimize harms and respect human dignity
• Ethical considerations in conducting research:

  • Informed Consent: inform participants about the study criteria and ensure voluntary participation
  • Honesty: report data, results, methods truthfully
  • Objectivity: avoid bias in all aspects of research
  • Integrity: keep promises and act with sincerity
  • Carefulness: avoid errors and negligence, keep good records
  • Openness: share data, results, ideas, and be open to criticism
  • Respect for Intellectual Property: honor patents, copyrights, and give credit where due
  • Confidentiality: protect confidential communication
• Rights of research participants:

  • Human Rights: moral principles protecting human behaviour standards
  • Intellectual Property: protects creations of the mind
  • Copyright Infringement: unauthorized use of copyright-protected material
  • Voluntary Participation: informed consent and no coercion
  • Anonymity: protection of identity
  • Privacy: right to keep personal matters secret
• Plagiarism:

  • Refers to using another person's ideas, works, processes without credit
  • Three acts of plagiarism: failure to cite quotations, enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, put summaries in own words
• Qualitative Research is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data
• It refers to the meanings, concepts, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description of phenomena, and not to their counts or measures
• The purpose of Qualitative Research is to promote a deep, holistic understanding of a particular phenomenon