Anthropology

• Archaeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
• Anthropology is the study of human beings in all times and all places, focusing on human origin, globalization, social change, and world history.
• Charles Darwin is known for his Theory of Evolution.
• Edward Burnett Tylor is known for his theory of "Progression of Civilization".
• Franz Boas is known as the Father of Modern Anthropology and is associated with the Theory of Cultural Relativism.
• The four fields of anthropology are: Comparative study of cultures around the world, Comparative study of human attributes, past and present, Study of spoken language, a distinctly human trait, and Comparative study of past cultures through its material cultural remains.
• The goals of anthropology are to understand the origin of man and the diverse forms of his existence throughout time, observe the common things among people (traditions, language, and others), and discover what make people different from each other.
• Sociology is a branch of social science that deals with the study of society, groups, norms and organizations.
• Auguste Comte is the founding father of Sociology and suggested the three stages in the development of societies: Theological stage, Metaphysical Stage, and Positive Stage.
• Emile Durkheim is associated with Structural Functionalism and the concept of society as a complex whole composed of groups working together to achieve stability.
• The goals of sociology are to study and appreciate the nature of humanity, understand human consciousness that is shaped through our cultural and social structure, transmit social heritage, understand the connections between what society makes of us and what we make of ourselves, and make people the better citizens.
• Political Science is a social science that deals with humans and their interaction, and it deals with the study of politics, power, and government.
• Aristotle stated that "Man is a political animal".
• Culture is the whole complex which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society.
• Tangible parts of culture include things like buildings, tools, and clothing, while intangible parts of culture include things like beliefs, values, and traditions.
• Society is a community or group of people having common traditions, institutions, and interests.
• Society is also a social product created by the actions of individuals that then exerts a coercive social force back on those individuals, as per the theory of Emile Durkheim.
• Exceptionality refers to the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having physically or mentally challenged conditions concerning personality/behavior, communication (learning disability, speech impairment, and hearing problems), intellect (mild intellectual and mental development disabilities), physical appearance (blind – low vision), or a combination of more than one specific exceptionality or disability.
• Gender according to the World Health Organization (2013), refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.
• Political Institution refers to an institution that sets up social norms and values.
• Judicial refers to the judicial branch of government.
• Taboo refers to a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations or social norms of a group or society.
• Religion is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial or ritualistic practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond human control.
• Government is a concrete example of a political institution.
• Anthropology includes Socio-Cultural Anthropology, Biological/Physical Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology, Archaeology, Sociology, Political Science, and The Three Faces of the Social.
• Norms are in the form of rules, standards, or prescriptions that are strictly followed by people who adhere on certain conventions and perform specific roles.
• Eight Major Ethno-Linguistic Groups in the Philippines (2000 census of NSO) include Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Bisaya, Ilonggo/Hiligaynon, Bikol, Waray, and Others.
• Executive refers to the executive branch of government.
• Ethnicity is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethnic or indigenous group.
• Conformity is a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations or social norms of a group or society.
• Socio-Economic Status includes Upper Class, New Rich (Nouveau Riche), Traditional Upper Class, Middle Class, Lower Class.
• Deviation is a behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations or social norms of a group or society.
• Power is a status granted to an individual or institution to properly run the government and implement the rule of the law in the society.
• Polis refers to the theory, art and practice of government.
• Legislative refers to the executive branch of government.
• Nationality/Citizenship is the legal relationship that binds a person and a country, giving people a sense of identity and belongingness.
• Biological/Physical Anthropology focuses on understanding how biology shapes behavior and culture.
• Anthropologists use archaeological evidence to reconstruct past societies, understand cultural change over time, and investigate the relationship between humans and their environment.
• Cultural relativism emphasizes understanding cultural differences without judgment or comparison.