Carper and Benner

• Empirical Knowing


  It's scientific knowledge.
• Aesthetic Knowing 


  Has important modes such as ECHS (Empathy, Compassion, Holism, and Sensitivity)
• Ethical Knowing 


  Draws on one's moral values
• Personal Knowing 


  Concerned with the knowing, encountering, and actualizing of the concrete, individual self.
• Empirical Knowing 


  It is descriptive
• Aesthetic Knowing 


  It is more on a nurse-client interaction
• Ethical Knowing


  Focuses more on obligations as a nurse
• 5 Level/Stages of Proficiency (NACPE)

  (1) Novice, (2) Advanced Beginner, (3) Competent, (4) Proficient, (5) Expert.
• Stage 1 - Novice


  No Background Experience
• Stage 2 - Advanced


  acceptable performance
• Stage 3 - Competent 


  demonstrates organizational and planning abilities
• Stage 4 - Proficient


  ability to see changing relevance in a situation (recognition and implementation of skilled response to situations as it evolves).
• Four Patterns of Knowing (EAPE)

  Empirical, Aesthetic, Personal, and Ethical
• Aesthetic Knowing


  embodies the nurse's creative ability
• Empirical Knowing 


  seeking to develop abstract theoretical meaning
• Barbara Carper 


  Patterns of Knowing
• Levels of Proficiency 


  Patricia Benner
• Ethical Knowing 


  involves sensing another's values system and respecting that as different, not better or worse, than one's own.
• Levels of Proficiency


  model of socialization process in nursing
• Stage 3 - Competent

  begins to recognize patterns and determines elements of the situation
• Stage 2 - Advanced Beginner 


  guided by rules
• Socialization


  process by which people learn social rules defining relationship and becoming members of society.
• Stage 1 - Novice


  Performance is limited, inflexible and governed by context-free rules.
• Stage 4 - Proficient 


  demonstrates increased confidence
• Stage 5 -Expert


  No longer relies on analytical principles
• Stage 2 - Advanced Beginner


  oriented by task completion
• Aesthetic Knowing


  nurse's perception on the patient and the patient's needs
• Stage 4 - Proficient 


  Has much involvement with the patient and family
• Stage 3 - Competent 


  displays hyper-responsibility
• Stage 2 - Advanced Beginner 


  Has enough experience to grasp aspects of the situation
• Stage 5 - Expert 


  Fluid, flexible, and highly proficient performance
• Stage 4 - Proficient 


  Has holistic understanding of the client which improves decision making
• Stage 3 - Proficient 


  Coordinates multiple complex care demands.
• Stage 5 - Expert


  Highly skilled in intuitive and analytic ability
• Stage 3 - Competent


  has increased level of efficiency
• Stage 5 - Expert


  Has the ability of pattern recognition on the basis of deep eperimental background
• Stage 3 - Competent 


  Devises new rules and reasoning procedures for a plan while applying learned rules for action
• 2nd Key aspect of Stage 5


  Embodied know-how
• 4th key aspect of stage 5


  seeing the unexpected
• 1st key aspect of stage 5


  clinical grasp and resource-based practice