Properties of liquids and IMF

• Permanent dipoles occur when one end of an atom has more electrons than another due to unequal sharing of electrons within covalent bonds.
• Intermolecular forces can be classified as either permanent dipoles, induced dipoles, hydrogen bonding, or London dispersion forces.
• The intermolecular forces between molecules are the attractive or repulsive forces that exist between them
• London Dispersion Force is also known as Van der Waals force
• London dispersion forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force and arise from temporary fluctuations in electron density around atoms.
• Temporary dipoles are formed by the attraction between positive and negative ends of polar molecules, which causes them to align with other polar molecules.
• Substances that have permanent dipoles or temporary dipoles will experience stronger intermolecular forces compared to substances without these properties.
• Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid state.
• Induced Dipole is caused by the temporary distortion of electron clouds around atoms/molecules due to their proximity to other charged particles
• The strength of intermolecular forces depends on the polarity of the substance.
• The strength of intermolecular forces depends on factors such as molecular shape, size, polarity, and charge distribution.
• Hydrogen Bonding occurs when there is a strong attraction between a partially positive H-atom on one molecule and a partially negative O-, N-, F-atom on another molecule
• Induced Dipole-Dipole Forces are weaker than Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces but stronger than London Dispersion Forces.
• Hydrogen Bonding occurs when there is a strong attraction between a hydrogen atom from one polar molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen atom from another polar molecule
• Hydrogen Bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom is bound to two highly electronegative elements such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.
• Hydrogen bonds occur when an electronegative atom (such as oxygen) attracts a nearby hydrogen nucleus more strongly than it does its own pair of electrons, resulting in a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom.
• Boiling Point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into gas (vapor)
• Boiling Point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into gas (vapor)
• Intermolecular forces can be classified based on their strengths, including weak (van der Waals), moderate (hydrogen bonding), and strong (ionic).
• Polar covalent bonds form when electrons are shared unequally between two atoms.