War of 1812 & Nationalism Summative

• George Washington was a Federalist, served as president from 1789-1797.
• John Adams was a Federalist and served as president from 1797-1801.
• Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican and served as president from 1801-1809.
• James Madison was a Democratic-Republican and served as president from 1809-1817
• The first five presidents were known as the Virginia Dynasty because they were all from Virginia.
• Hamilton's Plan for the national debt was to sell government bonds, high tariff, and national bank. (Washington Administration)
• Important Precedents: formation of a cabinet, and presidential terms. (Washington Administration)
• Native Americans: subdued Natives in the Northwest Territory which allowed Americans to settle further west (Battle of Fallen Timbers/Treaty of Greenville). Made peace with Southern Creeks. (Washington Administration)
• Proclamation of Neutrality in French Revolution in 1793 (Washington Administration)
• Whiskey Rebellion: Pennsylvania farmers protested an excise tax on liquor, Washington personally led troops to crush the firs challenge to federal authority in 1794. (Washington Administration)
• Treaty with Great Britain: gave up the U.S. right to neutrality on the seas in 1795. (Washington Administration)
• Treaty with Spain: gave the U.S. access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. (Washington Administration)
• The XYZ Affair: when Adams sent ambassadors to France to try to normalize relations, the French Foreign Minister refused to see the men unless they paid $250,000. This led to the Quasi-War. (Adams Administration)
• Alien Enemies Act: made it easier to round up, imprison, and/or deport any alien considered dangerous, aimed specifically at French. (Adams Administration)
• Sedition Act: threatened with fine or imprisonment anyone who "shall write, print, utter, or publish," any material that criticized the U.S. government. The Alien and Seditions Acts were allowed to lapse and not renewed in 1800. (Adams Administration)
• Fries Rebellion: in response to Adams' levying federal taxes on property, John Fries led to a group of Pennsylvanians in armed protest. Fries was arrested and sentenced to be hanged but Adams pardoned him and the other rebels. (Adams Administration)
• Midnight Appointments: when Adams was defeated by Jefferson in the Election of 1800, he appointed as many Federalists as he could to important positions in the government in an attempt to undermine Jefferson's administration. (Adams Administration)
• Revolution of 1800: the rise of Jeffersonian Republicanism. Repeal of Federalist policies, shrinking of nation government. (Jefferson Administration)
• Barbary Wars: Pirates of North African states harassed trade ships. Most countries found it cheaper to buy protection than to go to war. Jefferson refused to pay off the pirates and they declared war. The U.S. payed tribute to the pirates until 1815. (Jefferson Administration)
• Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for 3 cents per acre, or $15 million total. This doubled the size of the United States in 1803. (Jefferson Administration)
• Lewis and Clarke and Sacagawea explored the Louisiana Territory and lands further west from 1804-1806. (Jefferson Administration)
• Embargo Act: to avoid conflict with France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars, Jefferson signed the Embargo Act that prohibited American ships from sailing to foreign ports and American ports from receiving foreign ships. This proved disastrous to the American economy as trade suffered heavily. The Embargo Act was extremely unpopular in 1807. (Jefferson Administration)
• The Burr-Hamilton Duel: Aaron Burr challenged Alexander Hamilton to a duel in 1804. Their rivalry had been longstanding. Burr was a Democratic-Republican and Hamilton was a Federalist. Hamilton helped make sure Jefferson was elected president over Burr in the 1800 election and then published negative comments about him in a newspaper in 1804. Burr won the duel, shot Hamilton in the stomach, and Hamilton died the next day.
• Non-Intercourse Act: replaced the failed Embargo Act by permitting U.S. trade with all nations except for Britain and France. While not as damaging to the economy as the Embargo, it was ineffective in stopping British and French interference with American shipping in 1809. (Madison Administration)
• Macon's Bill Number 2: repealed the Non-Intercourse Act and resulted in the U.S. banning trade with Britain after Napoleon agreed to respect U.S. neutrality on the seas in 1810. (Madison Administration)
• War of 1812 lasted til 1815. (Madison Administration)
• The Second Bank of the United States chartered in 1816. (Madison Administration)
• A cause of the War of 1812 was the French Revolution since it led to war between Britain and France. Both sides seized American ships and sailors in the Atlantic.
• A cause for the War of 1812 was the Federalists supporting the Britain and Republicans supporting France.
• A cause for the War of 1812 was when the republicans gained control of Congress, with Thomas Jefferson in 1800, and James Madison in 1808.
• A cause for the War of 1812 was the British kidnapping American sailors and forcing them to work for the British navy, and the British support of Native Americans.
• The Chesapeake-Leopard Incident took place in the summer of 1807 when the American naval frigate Chesapeake was sailing from Norfolk, Virginia and spotted the British warship Leopard. The British suspected the Americans of carrying British navy deserters, but the Chesapeake commander refused to allow British to search the ship, the Leopard opened fire. With three Americans dead, and four taken captive and forced to work in the British navy, negative feelings between the two countries began to rise.
• James Madison - 4th president of the U.S. ; president during the War of 1812; Democratic-Republican from Virginia and severed from 1089-1817; A founding father who wrote the U.S. Constitution and the Federalist Papers; Secretary of State in the Jefferson Administration
• Peaceable Coercion - Jefferson's term for the Embargo (Embargo Act of 1807, the Nonintercourse Act of 1809, Macon's Bill No. 2 of 1810)
• Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810) - named after Congressmen Nathaniel Macon; restored trade with Britain and France, however, if either country recognized American neutrality, the U.S. would prohibit trade with the other country
• Napoleon's Deception - France agreed to the terms of Macon's Bill No. 2 and President Madison reimposed an embargo on the British in 1811. The French continued to seize American merchant ships. Britain ended its blockade of Europe but it was too late to avoid war.
• The Battle of Tippecanoe - As Americans continued to setting further west, conflicts with Native Americans increased. In 1811, Shawnee leader Tecumseh went seeking for allies in the South. Governor of Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison led troops in the destruction of Prophetstown along the Tippecanoe River. The Battle of Tippecanoe severely hindered Native American resistance to white settlers and formation of an Indian confederacy. Tecumseh and other Native Americans fled to Canada, and Americans charged the British wit aiding the Native Americans.
• War Hawks - Democratic-Republicans from frontier states such as Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. This included John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, and Henry Clay of Kentucky.
• The War with Britain was necessary to end Native American resistance on the frontier and to drive British out of North America.
• President Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain in June of 1812. The House voted 79-49, and the Senate voted 19-13 in favor of the war. Madison approved the declaration of war on June 18, 1812. The British had already ended their naval blockade, but the news did not reach the White House until after the Congress voted on war.