Eukaryotic

• Endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic cells formed from two prokaryotes that fused together
• Fungi cells have no chloroplasts, unlike a plant, and have a chitin cell wall
• Algal cells have differently shaped chloroplasts and a flagella for movement
• All eukaryotic cells have a phospholipid bilayer as the plasma membrane to control diffusion of substances
• The nucleus consists of a nucleoplasm which contains the chromatin and nucleolus, nuclear pores allow MRNA to exit
• The nucleolus manufactures RRNA and ribosomal subunits
• 80s ribosomes are found in eukaryotes
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum has cisternae where sugar is sometimes added to proteins and the proteins are folded
• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesises carbohydrates and lipids
• The golgi apparatus have cisternae which are pinched off as vesicles
• Vesicles containing unmodified proteins approach the golgi apparatus, once modified, they are pinched off as vesicles and either remain in the cell or fuse with the cell membrane and release contents via exocytosis
• Lysosomes are vesicles containing lysozymes for pathogen hydrolysis
• A mitochondrion has cristae which are folds in the inner membrane to increase surface area for respiration
• The centrioles are only found in animal cells and are positioned at right angles
• Chloroplasts can have vacuoles of starch in the stroma
• The protoplast is the living parts of a plant cell
• Algal cells like plant cells have a cellulose based cell wall