Quiz 2 Study Guide

• Bottom-Up Process


  You observe your surroundings to interpret the situation you are in. The little pieces of your surroundings form your perception.

  • You go into a situation without knowledge, and form your knowledge based on what you notice
• Top-Down Process


  You have previous knowledge shaping your perception on a situation.
• Gestalt Psychology

  • Bottom-Up Process
  • Top-Down Process
• Induced Movement 


  You perceive something to be moving even if it is still
• Stroboscopic Movement


  The procession of images that creates movement
• Retina


  Covers the back surface of the eye, where the visual receptors and specialized cells that allow us to see are
• Fovea 


  Central area of the retina, contains more cones than rods, adapted for clear vision
• Rods - Help to see dim light


  Cones - Help to see color, and accurate vision
• Sound Waves


  How sound travels, measured in Hertz (vibrations per second)
• Pitch


  perception related to frequency

  • Higher frequency = High pitch
• Prosody


  Emotion in Pitch

  • tone, stress, rhythm
• Timbre


  Quality of the sound

  • Saxophone vs flute
• Conduction Deafness


  Damage to the bones (stapes, incus, malleus)
• Nerve Deafness


  Damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or nerves
• Phantom Limbs


  The feeling of a limb even after it is amputated
• Phantom Limb pain treatment:

  • Mirror Therapy
  • Medication
  • Acupuncture
  • Prosthetic
• Subliminal Perception


  Messages are permitted so faintly that you don't realize it

  • Music
  • Commercials
• Male Chromosomes


  XY
• Female Chromosomes


  XX
• Sex-Linked Traits


  Genes passed along the X chromosome
• Sex-Linked Traits are more common in men
• Recessive Trait


  Requires both alleles to present itself (2 Recessive, 0 Dominant)
• Monozygotic Twins

  • One egg is fertilized and splits during pregnancy
  • Share the same placenta
  • 100% DNA
  • Identical Twins
• Dizygotic Twins

  • Two eggs are fertilized at the same time
  • Different placentas
  • 50% DNA
  • Fraternal Twins
• Habituation


  Process of getting used to a stimulus as it reoccurs
• Dishabituation


  Having to restart the habituation process when the stimulus changes
• Cross-Sectional


  Compare people of different ages at the same time
• Longitudinal


  The same people as they develop
• Sequential 


  Compares people of different ages as they develop
• Zygote


  fertilized egg cell
• Embryo


  time of conception to the seventh week, when pregnancy is detectable
• Fetus 


  eighth week after conception until birth
• Examples of Recessive Traits

  • Blue Eyes
  • Left Handed
  • Widows Peak
  • Colorblindness
• Examples of Dominant Traits

  • Freckles
  • Brown Eyes
  • Right Handed
  • Dimples
• Examples of Sex-Linked Traits

  • Colorblindness
  • Hemophilia
  • Male Pattern Baldness