Interwar and WW2

• (Germany & Austro-Hungarian Empire) Legacy of WW1: the treaties that ended WW1 broke up the empires and shrunk the size of Russia.
• (Middle East) Legacy of WW1: The Ottoman Empire was defeated, giving some land to Britain and France and created new nations from the rest.
• (Treaty of Versailles and Germany) Legacy of WW1: Germany was forced to reduce its military, pay reparations, and give away its colonies.
• Appeals of Authoritarianism: democracy and global capitalism were seen as responsible for economic crises
• Appeals of Authoritarianism: democracy was seen as weak and slow to achieve change
• Appeals of Authoritarianism: Democracy was seen as lacking a clear leader or direction
• Appeals of Authoritarianism: WW1 left nations with cultural and national identity crises
• Totalitarianism: total control over civilians' public and private lives [control extends BEYOND politics]
• Totalitarian tactics of control: single party rule, cult of personality, fraudulent elections, private militia, secret police, punishment of political opponents, scapegoating enemies, control over the economy, propaganda
• Totalitarian tactics of coming to power: building popular support, violence/threat of, appointments to office, changing laws
• WW1 technologies after the war were used commercially
• WW1 technologies included things such as: Radio, cars, telephone
• Mass production: product of WW1 to produce items at a faster rate
• Hitler coming to power: built popular support, then staged emergency for change of laws to give him power
• Operation Sea Lion: Axis offensive to take air control over Britain to later invade. [allied victory]
• Turning point of Operation Sea Lion: Britain would stay in the war, allied forces could then launch D Day invasion
• Battle of Midway: Axis offensive in the Pacific to remove U.S. aircraft carriers and size an island outpost base [allied victory]
• Turning point of battle of Midway: first allied victory in the pacific, halted Japanese advance towards the U.S
• Battle of Stalingrad: The Axis offensive to gain access to an oil-rich region in Russia and conquering Stalingrad [allied victory]
• Turning point of battle of Stalingrad: Germany never recovered on the Eastern front and Russians started to advance into Eastern Europe
• D Day: Allied offensive to liberate France from Nazi Germany [allied victory]
• D Day turning point: Allied forces gained a foothold in France to march toward Berlin to corner Germany with the Soviet Union
• Escalation to genocide pattern: prejudiced speech, social avoidance, discrimination, violence, genocide
• Latin American hybrid regimes blended democratic and authoritarian elements called corporatist politics
• Corporatist politics: using social groups to blend the gap between ruling elites and the general population
• Holocaust origins: blaming the Jews for the economic problems in Germany and punishing them for it
• Holocaust tactics: concentration camps, ghettos, legal discrimination, organized violence, and mass murder
• 1923 Corfu Incident: border disputes between Albania and Greece led to Italy's occupation of the Greek Island of Corfu
• 1923-1925 Occupation of the Ruhr: after Germany defaulted on reparation repayments, France and Belgium occupied Germany's Ruhr Valley
• 1931 Invasion of Manchuria: Japan invaded Manchuria and installed a puppet government to gain access to natural resources
• 1933 Japan and Germany withdraw from the League of Nations: in response to the League condemning the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and refusing Germany's demands for equal military sizes
• 1933 Italo-Soviet Nonaggression Pact: Diplomatic agreement between Italy and the Soviet Union
• 1935-1937 Italo-Ethiopian War: Italy invades Ethiopia to colonize it
• 1936 Remilitarization of the Rhineland: Hitler sent troops to set up bases in western Germany that was demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles
• 1937-1939 Nanjing Massacre: and invasion ofcapital the former capitol of China and mass murder and sexual assault committed by Japanese troops against Chinese residents
• 1938 Annexation of Austria: Germany invades Austria to absorb it into the German empire
• 1939: Invasion of Czechoslovakia: Hitler annexes all of Czechoslovakia, breaking the Munich Agreement that conceded one Czech region to Germany
• 1939 Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact: a neutrality pact between Germany and the Soviet Union
• 1939 Invasion of Poland: Germany invades Poland
• Descent to War [economic]: Economic recovery from WW1 and embracing authoritarianism