mitosis and meiosis

• interphase 


  dna is duplicated
• prohase


  nuclear membrane breaks down

  chromosomes condense
• metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equator

  spindle fibres attach to the centromere
• stage 3 - anaphase: spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids to opposite poles
• telophase: spindle fibres break down

  nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes
• cytokineses: cell membrane and cytoplasm divide to form two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
• haploid


  23 chromosomes
• diploid


  46 chromosomes
• cell differentiation: the process where a cell becomes specialised for its job
• mitosis


  cell division
• elongation


  plants grow in response to stimuli
• growth percentile charts: used to monitor growth so we compare to other humans
• cancer


  uncontrolled cell division
• specialised cells: cells that are adapted to carry out specific functions
• stem cells: undifferentiated cells that can divide by mitosis and differentiate
• embryonic stem cells: come from embryos around 4-7 days old

  can differentiate into any type of cell
• adult stem cells: come from specific tissues

  can only differentiate into certain cell types
• meiosis: dna in the parent cells duplicates

  there are two divisions