bacteria, viruses, fungi & protists

• Most bacteria that interact with humans are either harmless or helpful
• What is a common misconception about bacteria?

  All bacteria cause disease
• Bacteria in the human intestines help break down food.
• Bacterial toxins can damage human cells and tissues.
• What type of bacteria causes salmonella food poisoning?

  Salmonella bacteria
• In the UK, most chickens are vaccinated against salmonella
• Symptoms of salmonella infection include fever, vomiting, and diarrhea.
• How long does salmonella infection typically last?

  About a week
• Gonorrhea is an example of a sexually transmitted disease
• What is the primary symptom of gonorrhea in males?

  Pain when urinating
• What is the primary symptom of gonorrhea in females?

  Yellow or green discharge
• How much smaller are bacteria compared to human cells?

  100 times
• Bacteria can reproduce rapidly due to the abundance of food
• Unprotected sex is a major risk factor for gonorrhea.
• The antibiotic penicillin was once effective against gonorrhea.
• Why is penicillin no longer effective against many strains of gonorrhea?

  Resistance
• Newer antibiotics for gonorrhea are more expensive than penicillin.
• What are viruses considered since they are not cells and cannot reproduce on their own?

  Organisms
• Viruses are approximately 10,000 times smaller than animal cells
• Process of viral replication within a host cell

  1️⃣ Virus enters host cell

  2️⃣ Virus uses host's machinery

  3️⃣ Copies of the virus are made

  4️⃣ Virus bursts the cell

  5️⃣ New viruses colonize other cells
• The process of viral replication damages the host organism
• How is measles spread?

  Droplets from coughs
• Measles typically causes a red rash and a high fever
• Measles is fatal but common in the UK due to low vaccination rates

  False
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human immunodeficiency virus
• HIV primarily affects humans and leads to a deficient immune system
• HIV and AIDS are the same thing

  False
• Progression of HIV infection

  1️⃣ Initial flu-like symptoms

  2️⃣ Symptoms disappear, but virus replicates

  3️⃣ Immune system weakens

  4️⃣ Opportunistic infections occur

  5️⃣ AIDS develops
• What is the term for the syndrome where the immune system is no longer able to cope with infections?

  AIDS
• Anti-retroviral drugs prevent HIV from replicating
• Anti-retroviral drugs can cure HIV if taken early in the infection

  False
• What does TMV stand for?

  Tobacco mosaic virus
• TMV discolors patches on leaves, creating a mosaic pattern
• TMV affects all types of plants

  False
• Why can't photosynthesis occur in discolored patches caused by TMV?

  Lack of chlorophyll
• TMV-infected plants are unable to produce enough sugars
• Match the viral disease with its primary symptom or effect:

  Measles ↔️ Red rash and fever

  HIV ↔️ Weakened immune system

  TMV ↔️ Mosaic pattern on leaves
• Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms?

  Eukaryotic
• Fungi can be either unicellular or multicellular.
• Yeast is an example of a unicellular fungi.