Movement of particles

• What is the movement of particles through a liquid or gas called?

  Diffusion
• How does diffusion occur?

  It is the movement of particles from high to low concentration.
• What happens to particles during diffusion?

  They spread out from areas of high concentration.
• What is the color of potassium manganate (VII)?

  Bright purple
• Why is potassium manganate (VII) used in diffusion experiments?

  Because it has a distinct color that is easy to observe.
• What happens when you place potassium manganate (VII) in water?

  The purple color spreads out slowly.
• What are the steps to demonstrate diffusion using potassium manganate (VII)?

  1. Place potassium manganate (VII) in water.
  2. Observe the spreading of the purple color.
  3. Note the time taken for the color to spread.
• What is the term for the process of particles moving randomly in a liquid?

  Random motion
• How does random motion contribute to diffusion?

  It causes particles to collide and spread out.
• What effect does adding more water have on the diffusion of potassium manganate (VII)?

  It allows the purple particles to spread further.
• What is dilution in the context of diffusion experiments?

  • It refers to the process of reducing concentration.
  • It occurs when more solvent is added.
  • It affects the rate of diffusion.
• What gas is released when ammonium (NH4) is used in diffusion experiments?

  Ammonia gas
• What does hydrochloric acid (HCl) release in diffusion experiments?

  Hydrogen chloride gas
• What happens when ammonia gas meets hydrogen chloride gas in a diffusion experiment?

  They form white ammonium chloride smoke.
• What materials can be used to set up diffusion experiments?

  • Glass tube
  • Cotton wool soaked in ammonium
  • Cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid
• What color change indicates the formation of ammonium chloride?

  White smoke
• Why is it important to observe the rate of diffusion?

  It helps understand the behavior of gases and liquids.
• How can you increase the rate of diffusion in an experiment?

  By increasing the temperature of the liquid.
• What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

  • Temperature
  • Concentration gradient
  • Size of particles
  • Medium of diffusion
• What gas does HCl give off?

  Hydrogen chloride gas
• What materials are used in the experiment setup described?

  • Glass tube
  • Cotton wool soaked in aqueous ammonia
  • Cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid
• What happens when ammonia gas meets hydrogen chloride gas?

  They react to form ammonium chloride
• Where does the NH3 gas diffuse from in the experiment?

  One end of the tube
• What does the ring formed in the glass tube indicate?

  It indicates the formation of ammonium chloride
• Why does the ring not form exactly in the middle of the tube?

  Because ammonia diffuses faster than hydrogen chloride
• What is the reason for the difference in diffusion rates of ammonia and hydrogen chloride?

  Ammonia particles are smaller and lighter
• What color is bromine gas?

  Brown
• How can bromine gas be used in experiments?

  To demonstrate diffusion in gases
• What should you fill half a gas jar with for the bromine gas experiment?

  Bromine gas
• What should you fill the other half of the gas jar with?

  Air
• What happens when you remove the glass plate in the bromine gas experiment?

  Bromine gas diffuses slowly
• What does the random motion of particles in the bromine gas experiment indicate?

  Bromine will eventually diffuse throughout the jar
• Why does ammonia diffuse more quickly than hydrogen chloride?

  Because ammonia is lighter and smaller
• What is the relationship between diffusion rates and particle size?

  Smaller particles diffuse faster
• How does the speed of diffusion affect the time taken for gases to mix?

  Faster diffusion leads to quicker mixing
• What is the significance of the experiment with bromine and air?

  It demonstrates the principles of gas diffusion
• What is the expected outcome of the bromine gas experiment?

  Bromine will diffuse throughout the jar
• How does the diffusion of ammonia compare to that of hydrogen chloride in terms of speed?

  Ammonia diffuses more quickly than hydrogen chloride
• What is the effect of temperature on gas diffusion rates?

  Higher temperatures increase diffusion rates
• What is the primary factor affecting the rate of diffusion in gases?

  Particle size and mass