Rest of Power and borders

• Global governance normally involves co-operation between organisations at scales from global to local, often in partnership.
• In the last 3 decades, there have been significant changes in the international order, the character of conflict, and technology and its effect on society.
• The 1648 Peace of Westphalia established the principle of territorial integrity and current political boundaries are based upon these.
• The United Nations Article 2(4) states that all members shall refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.
• Demographic trends in Western Europe include an ageing population and a declining workforce, while in the Middle East and North Africa, there is a youthful population and a rise in conflict.
• Age/gender imbalance can increase social and political tension.
• Urbanisation and automation can increase the urban population and the magnitude of humanitarian crises, while increasing the demand for food and water can lead to scarcity and conflict.
• Environmental hazards can impact LICs and LEDCs.
• Factors contributing to the erosion of sovereignty include military, economic, social, and political factors.
• Intervention is the action of a state, group of states or international organisations in a foreign territory to end gross violations of human rights.
• Norms are derived from moral principles, customs and ways of living that have developed over time throughout the world.
• Geopolitics is the global balance of political power and international relations.
• Sudan, Somalia, Namibia, Bakassi, Ethiopia are countries where state borders have changed since 1960’s.
• The UN Charter upholds the sovereign equality of all members, refrains from the threat or use of force, and promotes peace loving acceptance of obligations.
• Challenges to sovereignty and territorial integrity can be a cause of conflict due to injustice to citizens, competition for resources, failure of countries leaders to provide basic human needs, and beliefs or ethnicity.
• Peace can be measured using the Global peace index, which is based on three categories: levels of safety and security in a society, number of conflicts that a country is involved in domestic or international, and degree of militarisation.
• The European Union aims to promote peace and prosperity through economic co-operation between 27 member states.
• Artificial intelligence is integral to any conflict and is resolved through force/armed conflicts, cease fire arrangements through negotiations, sanctions/embarges, and reparations.
• The state’s desires are: to achieve the state’s goal of defeating the enemy and the need to mitigate the suffering of war as much as possible.
• NATO aims to promote democratic values and encourage co-operation on defence and security issues to avoid conflict.
• Charities and NGOs work in co-operation with both national/local governments, global institutions and community leaders within conflict zones, providing humanitarian relief for health care, medicines, education, food and water.
• LOAC- Law of armed conflict: A unique branch of international law which governs conducts in hostilities.
• Microsoft has proposed 6 norms for cybersecurity.
• The United Nations aims to achieve world peace and security, develop good relations between nations, and foster faster co-operation among nations.
• NATO has a broad membership, economic wealth, military power, and has been involved in interventions such as Afghanistan.
• Seeks to strike a balance between the desires of a state.
• The United Nations has a broad membership, is involved in development, and has achieved some positive outcomes such as the 2015 sustainable development goals.
• The European Union has a broad membership, economic wealth, and military power, and its policies are linked to conflict.
• The World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) are agencies of the United Nations.
• International Armed Conflicts (IAC) are conflicts between States.
• The United Nations also faces challenges, including peacekeeping failures, legitimacy issues, and relies on the powers of the US especially.
• Non-international Armed Conflicts (NIAC) are all other types of armed conflicts.
• The European Union also relies on its members for budgets, co-operation, and has been a source of instability through its eastward expansion.
• A transboundary river is a river that flows through more than one country.
• Water is vital to life, and in Egypt, sources of water are limited, therefore the majority of the population exist along the banks of the Nile.
• The Nile Basin Initiative is a partnership along the Nile states that “seeks to develop the river in a cooperative manner, share substantial socioeconomic benefits, and promote regional peace and security”.
• The sovereign nation-state is the basis of the global political system.
• Algunas personas consideran la tauromaquia una forma de crueldad debido a la muerte severa del toro
• Activistas por los derechos de los animales protestan por un sentido ético y el bienestar animal
• Muchas ciudades y países han prohibido la tauromaquia, por ejemplo en Cataluña y las Islas Baleares