<latex>G_1</latex> phase

• What is the $G_{1}$ phase also known as?


  First gap phase
• What is the name of the phase where DNA synthesis occurs?

  DNA synthesis
• What is the purpose of the "double checks" during the cell division process?

  The cell "double checks" the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.
• What happens to cells during the cell growth activity in $G_{1}$ phase?


  Cells increase in size and mass
• Why is the $G_{1}$ phase crucial for cells?


  It helps cells recover and prepare for S phase
• Why is the G2 phase important in the cell cycle?

  The cell "double checks" the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.
• How does the G1 checkpoint control cell cycle progression?

  Through cyclins and CDKs
• What is the purpose of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?

  Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell.
• What is the name of the phase where cell division occurs?

  M phase
• What is the formula to calculate the area of a circle?

  $\pi r^2$
• What happens during the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

  Cell cycle arrest.
• What is duplicated during the cell division process?

  Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell.
• What are the key regulation mechanisms of the G1 phase?

  1. Cyclin D/CDK4 and Cyclin E/CDK2 complexes form
  2. These complexes phosphorylate proteins for S phase entry
  3. Checkpoint blocks progression if conditions are unfavorable
  4. Cell passes into S phase when conditions are met
• What is produced during the protein synthesis activity in the $G_{1}$ phase?


  Essential proteins for cell function
• What activities occur during the $G_{1}$ phase?


  • Cell Growth: Increase in size and mass
  • Protein Synthesis: Production of essential proteins
  • Organelle Duplication: Replication of organelles
• If a cell is arrested at the G2 checkpoint, what is likely happening?

  DNA damage is being repaired before cell division
• What is the relationship between G1, Interphase, and Cytokinesis during the cell cycle?

  • G1 is the first gap phase of the cell cycle
  • Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases
  • Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides
• What happens during the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

  Cell cycle arrest.
• What are the key cell cycle checkpoints shown in the image?

  • G1 checkpoint (restriction)
  • G2 checkpoint
  • M checkpoint
• Which organelles are duplicated during the $G_{1}$ phase?


  Mitochondria and ribosomes
• How does the G1 phase relate to the overall cell cycle?

  G1 is the first gap phase of the cell cycle.
• Why do cells duplicate their organelles during the $G_{1}$ phase?


  To prepare for cell division and function
• What is the role of Cyclin D/CDK4 and Cyclin E/CDK2 complexes in the G1 phase?

  They phosphorylate proteins needed for S phase entry
• How does the cell increase in size during the $G_{1}$ phase?


  By accumulating more cytoplasm and molecules
• How do the cell cycle checkpoints ensure proper cell division?

  They monitor key events and prevent progression if problems are detected
• What happens if conditions are unfavorable at the G1 checkpoint?

  The checkpoint blocks cell cycle progression
• How do the different cyclin-CDK complexes regulate the cell cycle phases?

  • Cyclin A-CDK2 promotes DNA synthesis in S phase
  • Cyclin B-CDK1 triggers entry into mitosis (M phase)
  • Cyclin D-CDK4 regulates progression through G1 phase
  • Cyclin E-CDK2 controls G1/S transition
• What is the purpose of the "double checks" during the cell division process?

  The cell "double checks" the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.
• What is the relationship between G1, Interphase, and Cytokinesis during the cell cycle?

  • G1 is the first gap phase of the cell cycle
  • Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases
  • Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides
• Why are cell cycle checkpoints important?

  They ensure proper progression through the cell cycle
• What is the main purpose of the $G_{2}$ phase?


  Error checking and repair
• What is the purpose of the "double checks" during the cell division process?

  The cell "double checks" the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.
• Why is error checking important in the $G_{2}$ phase?


  To ensure chromosomes are error-free before mitosis
• What happens during the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

  Cell cycle arrest.
• Why is the G2 phase important in the cell cycle?

  The cell "double checks" the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.
• What is the role of the different cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) shown in the image?

  • Cyclin A CDK2 regulates S phase
  • Cyclin B CDK1 regulates M phase
  • Cyclin D CDK4 regulates G1 phase
  • Cyclin E CDK2 regulates G1/S transition
• What is duplicated during the cell division process?

  Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell.
• What is the key activity during the $G_{1}$ phase?


  Cell growth and organelle duplication
• What does CDK stand for?

  Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
• What happens during the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

  Cell cycle arrest.