INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING (LESSON 1-5)

• SURVEYING - The art and science of determining angular and

  linear measurements to establish the form,

  extent, and relative position of points, lines, and

  areas on or near the surface of the earth or on

  other extraterrestrial bodies through applied

  mathematics and the use of specialized equipment

  and techniques.
• PLANE SURVEYING - a type of surveying where the earth is

  considered as a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent.
• GEODETIC SURVEYING - surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth .
• CADASTRAL SURVEY - closed surveys in urban and rural locations to determine and define property lines and

  boundaries, corners, and areas.
• CITY SURVEY - surveys in the city for planning expansions, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining physical features of land, and preparing maps.
• CONSTRUCTION SURVEY - surveys done at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and location and elevation of structures.
• FORESTRY SURVEY - survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.
• HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY - surveys made to map shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.
• INDUSTRIAL SURVEY - known as optical tooling. Surveys for ship building, construction and

  assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and for

  industries requiring very accurate dimensional layouts.
• MINE SURVEY - surveys to determine the position of all

  underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining

  claims, determine geological formations, calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining

  work.
• PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY - survey which uses photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
• ROUTE SURVEY - determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of

  highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.
• TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY - surveys to determine the shape of the ground, the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
• ASTROLABE - invented by Hipparchus in 140 BC and further

  improved by Ptolemy

  -used to determine the altitude of stars
• TELESCOPE - invented by Lippershey (1607)Galileo constructed a refracting telescope for astronomical observations in 1609.

  -Only used in surveying after the cross hairs for fixing the line of sight were introduced
• TRANSIT - invented by Young and Draper (1830)

  -the universal surveying instrument
• SEMICIRCUMFERENTOR - used to measure and lay off angles and

  establish lines of sight by employing peep

  sights.
• PLANE TABLE - one if the oldest surveying instruments used in field mapping

  -consists of a board attached to a tripod and can be leveled or rotated to any direction
• DIOPTRA - invented by Heron of Alexandria

  -used in leveling and measuring horizontal and vertical angles
• ROMAN GROMA - for aligning or sighting points

  -consists of cross arms with suspended plumb lines fixed at right angles and pivoted upon a

  vertical staff
• LIBELLA - used by Assyrians and Egyptians

  -had an A-frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex
• VERNIER - short auxillary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument to determine the fractional parts of the main scale without interpolating.
• DIOPTER - developed by Greeks in 130 BC and was known to be their most famous surveying instrument

  -used for leveling, laying off right angles, and measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
• COMPASS - for determining direction of lines and calculating angles between lines

  -consists of a magnetized steel needle which points at the magnetic north
• GUNTER'S CHAIN - used for taping distances

  -66 ft long and contains 100 links
• CHOROBATES - for leveling work

  -consists of a horizontal straight-edge about 6 m long, a groove 2.5 cm deep and 1.5 m long

  on top.

  -water is poured into the groove for leveling
• MERCHET - for measuring time and meridian

  -used by Chaldeans in 4000 BC

  -consists of a slotted palm leaf through which to sight and a bracket from which a plumb bob was suspended
• SURVEYING FIELD NOTES - constitute the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field .
• FIELD NOTEBOOK - used to record the field notes
• TYPES OF NOTES

  • SKETCHES

  • TABULATIONS

  • EXPLANATORY NOTES

  • COMPUTATIONS

  • COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE
• INFORMATION FOUND IN THE FIELD NOTEBOOK

  • TITLE OF THE FIELD WORK OR NAME OF PROJECT

  • TIME OF DAY AND DATE

  • WEATHER CONDITIONS

  • NAMES OF GROUP MEMBERS AND THEIR DESIGNATIONS

  • LIST OF EQUIPMENT
• CHIEF OF PARTY - responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and operational control of the survey party. -responsible for logistical and technical requirements and problems of field survey operation. - responsible for submitting survey reports and records
• ASSISTANT CHIEF OF PARTY - assists the chief of party in the

  accomplishment of the task assigned to the survey party .
• INSTRUMENT MAN - sets up, levels, and operates the surveying

  instruments.
• TECHNICIAN - responsible for the use and operation of all

  electronic instruments required in the field.
• COMPUTER - performs all computations of survey data and works out necessary computational checks

  required in the field.
• RECORDER - keeps the record of all sketches, drawings, measurements, and observations taken in the

  field.
• HEAD TAPEMAN - responsible for the accuracy and speed of all

  linear measurements with tape.

  -carries the zero end of the tape ahead
• REAR TAPEMAN - assists the head tapeman during taping

  operations and in other related work.

  -holds the 30-m end or any intermediate meter

  mark of the tape during measurement.
• FLAGMAN - holds the flagpole or range pole at selected

  points as directed by the instrument man.