history

• 1. imperialism is a system by which a nation used to establish its control over another country ,by war or annexation after it had taken control it was claimed as the imperial nations colony . The colony was governed by the imperial nation through a puppet govt 


  triple entete- britain,france,russia

  triple alliance- germany, austria hungary,italy
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  objectives of the league of nations[ww1]

  • to maintain open,just relations among members
  • to establish international law
  • to achieve international peace and security
  • not to resort to war
• TERMS OF TREATY OF VERSAILLES

  • the treaty claimed germany guilty of aggresion
  • germany had to pay indemnity to the allies, 33 billion dollars were to be given to the allies as repapration for the losses and damage in the war
  • frances gains- france gained alsace and lorraine back from germany and the area of rhine valley was demilitarised.
• non alignment means that nations that are non aligned judge each issue on its merit and do not toe the line of another superpower. 


  NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT means that non aligned leaders sought an identity different than the two power blocks - capitalist america and communist russia.
• the first session of the non aligned movement was held at belgrade in 1961. 


  FOUNDING FATHERS of the non aligned movement were - Jawaharlal nehru(india), president sukarno (indonesia), abdel nasser(egypt) and marshal josip tito ( Yugoslavia).
• FEATURES OF NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT-

  1. Non alignement does not mean isolation ; it would be wrong to say that the non aligned nations were disinterested in world politics . they rather tries to strengthen relations with all nations
  2. NON ALIGNEMENT NEITHER MEANS NEURALITY; In the evnt of a war neutral nations keep away from war . they rather try to solve the crisis. Non alignment is a positive approach to the problems that confront us .
  3. Non aligned nations judge each issue on its merit ; in the cold war era , non aligned nations did no toe the line of one or the other superpower .
• PANCHSHEEL- five principles of peaceful co-existence

  1. mutual non-aggression
  2. mutual respect for one another's territorial integrity
  3. Peaceful co-existence
  4. non-interference in anothers intenal affairs
  5. equality and working for each others benefit. 


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• OBJECTIVES OF NAM

  1. abolition of imperialism and colonialism- The nam believed in equality of all nations .
  2. End to racism- the nam rejects racism and all kinds of racial discrimination.
  3. Maintenance of international peace ; the non aligned nations worked for the maintenance of international peace . the methods they used were best planned to prevent the war.
  4. Helping the UN- the nam stressed the need to strengthen the un in carrying out its functions effectively. 


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• NEHRU'S ROLE IN NAM -

  1. It was jawarlal nehru who coined and used the word non aligned first
  2. It was jawaharlal nehrus firm conviction that the nations of asia and africa do not become the superpowers pawns
  3. Declared the five principles of peaceful co-existence- Alomg with Zhou Enlai , Nehru declared the five principles of peaceful co-existence. no nation has a right to impose its governance system on another nation.
  4. His cool handling of the situation: After joining the SEATO alliance , Pakistan became more hostile towards india . Nehru still kept following his plan. 


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• NAM'S RELEVANCE IN THE FUTURE-

  1. issues like disarmament, democracy and human rights are as relevant today as ever.
  2. it is time to agree on a plan to crush international terrorism once and for all
  3. The NAM has taken up the idea of reshaping the un security council and making it more of an efficient body.
  4. there had to be a continous struggle against poverty, exploitation and an attempt to put down women . 


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• The first mass movement launched by Gandhiji was the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920
• Causes for launching the Non-Cooperation Movement:

  • The Rowlatt Act introduced in 1919, which gave enormous powers to the police to arrest any Indian without a warrant and imprison without a trial
  • The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar on April 13, 1919, where British troops fired on unarmed Indian protesters, killing hundreds
• Leaders of the Khilafat movement were Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, also known as Ali Brothers
• Programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement:

  • Negative Programme: Boycott of legislative councils, courts, schools, colleges, British goods, elections, resignation from nominated seats, refusal to attend government functions, surrender of titles and honorary offices
  • Positive Programme: Swadeshi or Constructive Programme including Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of untouchability, promotion of Swadeshi and Khadi, prohibition of intoxicating drinks, establishment of national schools and colleges, and panchayats for private arbitration all over India, emancipation and upliftment of women
• The Chauri-Chaura incident in 1922 led to the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement due to violence breaking out and killing 22 policemen
• Impact/significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement:

  • It became a mass movement involving all sections of society
  • Provided a national base to the Congress under Gandhi
  • Undermined the power and prestige of the British, spreading nationalism across the country
  • Instilled confidence in the people and promoted Hindu-Muslim unity
  • Used Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation as effective tools for revolution
  • Promoted social reform and spread Swadeshi and Khadi movements
• The Simon Commission was sent to India in 1927 to inquire into the working of the Government of India Act 1919 and the need for further constitutional reforms. The Indians protested the all-white composition of the commission, leading to widespread strikes and demonstrations
• Two causes that led to the launching of the Civil Disobedience movement under Gandhi in 1930 were the reaction against the Simon Commission and the anger stemming from the death of Lala Lajpat Rai
• Causes that led to the launching of the Civil Disobedience movement under Gandhi in 1930:

  • Reaction against the Simon Commission and anger from the death of Lala Lajpat Rai
  • The Nehru Report focusing on granting Dominion Status to Indians and acceptance of joint electorates by the British
  • Declaration of Poorna Swaraj at the Lahore Session of Indian National Congress in 1929, demanding complete independence
• At the Lahore Session of Indian National Congress in 1929, the demand for Purna Swaraj or complete independence was made as the objective of the Congress
• The Congress passed a resolution declaring Purna Swaraj as its goal, launching a programme of Civil Disobedience, and celebrating Poorna Swaraj day on 26th January 1930
• The Civil Disobedience Movement began with Gandhi's historic Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, where he violated the salt laws by picking up salt left by the sea waves
• The movement was suspended with the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which included provisions like releasing political prisoners, giving back confiscated property, and permitting peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops
• The impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement included creating patriotic fervor, leading to bold constitutional reforms, empowering the oppressed, bringing women into politics, and popularizing new methods of propaganda
• The Quit India Movement, also known as August Kranti, was launched on 8 August 1942 due to the failure of the Cripps Mission and rejection of its proposals by the Congress
• The Quit India Resolution demanded immediate end of British rule in India, stating that future promises of independence no longer held good and freedom would release the energy needed to transform the nature of the War
• The significance of the Quit India Movement of 8 August 1942 lies in its demonstration of nationalist feelings, warning the British of their unwanted presence, and hastening the British decision to quit India
• UNICEF, established in 1946 as the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, aims to improve the quality of life of children and women in developing countries
• UNICEF's headquarters are located in New York, USA
• UNICEF's functions include:

  • Providing protective food like meat, milk, and eggs
  • Offering funds for the training of health and sanitation workers
• Universal child immunization was a key goal of UNICEF, with a joint WHO-UNICEF program immunizing 80% of the world's population against six killer diseases: diphtheria, malaria, whooping cough, tetanus, tuberculosis, polio, and measles
• Role of the Prime Minister inside the Parliament:

  • On the advice of the Prime Minister, the President summons and prorogues Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha
  • The Prime Minister is the principal spokesman and defender of the Government in Parliament
  • He makes all important announcements of national policies
  • Intervenes in unpleasant situations in the Houses like caste wars or reservation of seats for SC’s and ST’s
• Two powers exercised by the Prime Minister as the Head of the Council of Ministers:

  • Formation of the Cabinet: The Prime Minister is the leader of the Cabinet, appoints Ministers, and allocates work among them
  • Removal of Ministers: The Prime Minister's resignation means the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers
• Role of the Prime Minister as the leader of the Nation:

  • Represents the nation and speaks for the whole country
  • During national crises, opposition parties support the Prime Minister
  • Specifies and resolves the kind of relations India should have with other countries
  • Defends the interests of the country in international forums
  • Proposed Prime Minister for or against whom people vote during general elections
• Understanding 'Individual Responsibility' in a Parliamentary Democracy:

  • Ministers are responsible to the President and hold office during the pleasure of the President
  • Each minister is obliged to answer regarding his department and reply to questions asked by Parliament members
• 'Collective responsibility' of the Council of Ministers:

  • The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha
  • Members of the Cabinet collectively support decisions taken by the Cabinet, and if a No-Confidence motion is carried, the Government must resign
• Differences between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet:

  • The Council of Ministers consists of all categories of ministers, while the Cabinet is a smaller group of senior ministers
  • The Council of Ministers rarely meets, whereas the Cabinet Ministers meet frequently
  • Cabinet Ministers attend meetings on their own rights, while Minister of State can attend only if invited
  • The President acts on the advice of the Cabinet in all matters
• CONTRIBUTIONS OF JYOTIBA PHULE

  1. he wrote ' ghulamgiri' which focused on the domination of the upper castes and plight of the peasants
  2. He worked for upliftment of lower castes and advocated education for dalits to make them aware of their rights .
  3. He founded schools for girls and lower castes and set up an orphanage
  4. He started the widow remmarriage movement in maharashtra.
• CONTRIBUTUTION OF RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY

  1. He supported anti-sati regulations which made the practice of sati illegal in india.
  2. raja ram mohan roy included in his programme social and political matters which attacked the rigidity of the caste system
  3. Willam betnick, The Governal general of India passes a law that made the practice of sati illegal in india.
  4. he was against the practice of denying women the right to property .


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