Biology IB HL

• gw/=UCOxIt n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules "Adhesion " "The attraction between two unlike molecules due to hydrogen bonding. "
• PH3l/`,yLZ n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Adhesion in Capillary action in soil "Water molecules are attracted to polar molecules that make up the soil, and are transported into the root by the small root hairs of the plan. "
• L(jTRsnyq( n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Hydrophilic Molecules "Glucose, Ions, Amino acids and proteins. Molecules that are soluble in water. "
• p5nuw9H*Fs n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Hydrophobic Molecules "Steroid hormones (estradiol/testosterone) Water insoluble molecules"
• CODq,M1~}X n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Buoyancy "An upwards force exerted on the object by water. Buoyant force = weight of the water displaced by the object. "
• OUyG-.n(yL n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Viscosity "Waters resistance to an object moving through it. "
• o/;?@ap|om n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Thermal Conductivity "The ability of water to transfer heat, which is high. "
• M$xN>(%8Specific heat capacity "Water can absorb/give off a great deal of heat without changing the temperature significantly. "
• KF=hoUFAv, n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Black Throated Loon (Gavia Arctica) "Relies on the surface of water for buoyant force to float. Requires energy to move across the water surface & greater amount to dive deep for fish below the surface. <li s...
• f|?~nq6,pB n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Ringed Seal (Pusa Hispada) "It is buoyant, but not as buoyant as the black throated loon - fewer surface area contact between the body and water. Streamed line shape and paddle-like feet help in overcoming the viscosity<ul id=""bf0598f7-f0d9-4995-8d99-1053c21bd645"" class=""bulleted-...
• rf$o)r4&J1 n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Heavy Water "Contains a hydrogen atom that have a neutron, also known as deuterium. The ratio present in the water of the oceans is similar to many asteroids. "
• "g[OgdL7#<1" n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Goldilocks Zone "Any planet to support life must have waterMust be in liquid form (water)Must have gravitational field so that the water is retained on the surface <p id=""afa750b8-d744-44...
• Qtfzowwn.4 n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules DNA "long-term genetic storage4 nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine "
• OWn=Ww)M;c n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Sequences of nitrogenous bases are called "Genes (genetic messages), which code for amino acids. "
• z&=>`%p6tt n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Polymers of nucleotides "RNA and DNA are polymers of nucleotides. Both have repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains: One phosphate group, one five-carbon monosaccharide (pentose sugar) a...
• h4aVXVf;od n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Condensation Reactions "Nucleotides are formed by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide to the next phosphate group of the next nucleotide. Condensation reaction release "
• g<63,mx,EI n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Covalent Bonds "Holds the chain together is important and is relatively strong - needs a great deal of energy to break. Thus, nucleotides are stable. "
• iP+)=];{^~ n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Ribonucleicacid "Adenine (A) - Uracil (U)Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G) "
• rXNF03f;$G n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Deoxyribonucleic acid "Adenine (A) - Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G)"
• h`H-X:jf5$ n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules RNA "Single stranded structure Ribose sugar"
• J^;4)%[+WM n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules DNA has (branched structure) "A double stranded structureDeoxyribose sugar (Has H instead of OH in ribose)"
• q(m6nhUO!9 n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Antiparallel strands "5’ to 3’ antiparallel 3’ to 5’ "
• r:=4;C_>4s n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules DNA has (features comparing to RNA) "Double-stranded molecule. All nucleotides contain deoxyribose sugarThymine is one of the four nitrogenous bases <ul id=""75b96717-...
• y){)Y+n-QO n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules RNA has (features comparing to DNA) "Single-stranded molecule All nucleotides contain ribose sugarUracil is one of the four nitrogenous bases<ul id=""eac52952-12ce-4c4...
• PEX6NGmq(3 n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Why is complementary base pairing important? "DNA replication utilizes complementary base pairings "
• yn(H&jP$Y| n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Every three bases represent "a triplet codon. Many triplets within DNA code for one of the 20 amino acids. "
• l*zdipO.Ou n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules RNA is used as "a transfer of storage of information to the order of amino acids . "
• MZd1Q=G%g: n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules DNA is used as "a storage for gentic information."
• GuIU]g:RC: n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Importance of the directionality "Important for DNA replication/Transcription/Translation"
• syIKCT=@mn n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Pyramidines "smaller single-ringed structure Thymine and Cytosine "
• tjUScOp?M+ n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Purines "Larger double ringed structure Adenine and Guanine "
• "LpaRcmzzC#" n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Efficient packaging of DNA involves "packing the long strand of DNA around eight histones and an additional histone which helps to hold the structure together. The resulting structure is called a nucleosome which extends to join a linker DNA. "
• Bn/Qh}e}>. n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Chromosome "Is the overall packaged shape of the DNA. A human cell contains 46 chromosomes. "
• EiNgUD]v%2 n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Aim of HCE "Hershey and Martha Chase experimented to confirm that DNA is the genetic material. "
• riE/_cTH4& n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Procedure of HCE "Uses a bacteriophage (infects bacteria is composed of protein outer coat and has inner DNA) and a bacterium Echerichia Coli. Had phosphorus 32 culture with P32 viral genetic coreHad Sulfur 35 present in the protein outer coat of ...
• IvkResults "Phosphorous 32 showed radioactivity inside the cells, a location indicating DNA. Sulfur 35 had NO radioactivity in the cell. This helped Hershey and Chase conclude that DNA was the genetic material and not the protein. "
• Fk:cj(%<|, n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Tetranucleotide molecule hypothesis "Repeating set units of four nucleotides that gave structure to the chromosomes. "
• s!Gm{DOqj? n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Erwin Chargaff’s Rule "Develops a research technique to show the proportions for nitrogenous base using paper chromotography. Hence proving that: DNA contains the same number of adnenine as thymine nucleotides, as well as the same number of guanine and cytosine nucleotides. "
• Mz9}-%3(.> n2a-basic 🙌🏾 Unity and Diversity - Molecules Importance of Chargaff’s Rule "Proved that the tetranucleotide is false where all nitrogenous bases are equal. Proved that A and T have the same proportion as do G and C. "
• F_AiYzHhW| n2a-basic 🏗️ Form and Function - Molecules 4 biochemical groups "Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids all contain carbon explaining why life is Carbon based. "