Learning

• Classical Conditioning (learning through association)
• Operant Conditioning (learning through consequence)
• Social Learning (learning through observation)
• Ivan Pavlov - a Russian physiologist who discovered the conditioned reflex
• Pavlov‘s dog: A dog that learned to salivate at the sound of a bell
• Pavlov's case study discovered the theory classical conditioning
• Unconditional stimulus is a thing that can already elicit a response (food)
• Unconditioned Response(UCR) a behaviour that is already elicited by a stimulus (salivating).
• Neutral Stimulus (NS) a thing which is not associated in the

  unconditioned relationship (metronome).
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) A stimulus that has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus, so it now

  produces the same result.
• Conditioned Response (CR) behaviour elicited by the Conditioned Stimulus (salivation).
• Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by providing something pleasant or rewarding as a consequence.
• Extinction when the association between the UCS and the CS no longer occurs after a few trials of separating the two stimuli the learned response is extinguished.
• Spontaneous recovery after extinction, the association sometimes recurs for no apparent reason.
• Stimulus Generalisation a stimulus similar to the specific one can elicit the conditioned response.
• Discrimination (the opposite of Stimulus generalisation) is ability to respond differently to specific stimuli. E.g. a dog that can pick out the smell of a specific drug.
• One trial learning happens when learning takes place in

  a single pairing of a response and stimulus and is not strengthened over time by repeated exposure to a stimulus.