Alexander II

• How did Alexander II modify central administration after the Crimean War?

  
  

  Alexander II introduced the Council of Ministers in 1861 to improve consultation and administrative efficiency. However, it had limited power and the tsar retained final authority
• How did Alexander II reform local government?

  
  

  He established elected local councils known as the zemstva in 1864 and urban dumas in 1870. These bodies had control over areas like education and health but had limited autonomy and no power at the national level.