Paper 1

• What are the three types of cells mentioned?

  Plant, animal, and bacterial cells
• What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

  It controls cell activities and stores DNA
• How are specialized cells adapted for their jobs?

  They have unique structures for specific functions
• What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?

  They produce energy through respiration
• What does the lock and key model describe in relation to enzymes?

  Enzymes fit specific molecules like a key
• What factors affect enzyme activity?

  Temperature and pH levels
• What are the levels of organization in biology?

  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
• What are the major organ systems mentioned?

  Digestive and circulatory systems
• What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?

  Diffusion is movement of particles; osmosis is water
• What does active transport do?

  Moves substances against a concentration gradient
• What is the main advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

  They show more detail than light microscopes
• How do you calculate magnification?

  Magnification = size of image / size of object
• What do plants use glucose for?

  Respiration, making cellulose, and storing energy
• How do plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

  By splitting water molecules using light energy
• What components are involved in the circulatory system?

  Heart, blood vessels, and blood
• How does exercise affect heart rate?

  It increases heart rate and blood flow
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  Respiration without oxygen
• Why do small organisms have a higher surface area to volume ratio?

  They have less volume compared to their surface area
• What are the types of communicable diseases?

  Bacterial, viral, fungal, and protest diseases
• How do pathogens spread?

  Through direct contact, air, and water
• What are benign tumors?

  Non-cancerous growths
• How do lifestyle factors increase cancer risk?

  Smoking, diet, and radiation exposure
• What is the purpose of the cell membrane in a plant cell?

  Controls what goes in and out
• What is the function of the cell wall in a plant cell?

  Provides structure
• What is the role of the vacuole in a plant cell?

  Maintains structure and stores substances
• Where do most cellular reactions take place in a plant cell?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is the function of ribosomes in a plant cell?

  Responsible for protein synthesis
• What do chloroplasts do in a plant cell?

  Involved in photosynthesis
• What is the function of mitochondria in a plant cell?

  Produces energy
• What is the role of the nucleus in a plant cell?

  Holds DNA and controls the cell
• What features do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

  Cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts
• What is the function of the bacterial cell membrane?

  Controls what goes in and out
• What is unique about bacterial DNA?

  It is not contained in a nucleus
• What is the function of flagella in bacterial cells?

  Used for locomotion
• What is the significance of cell differentiation?

  Cells specialize to perform specific functions
• How do specialized cells differ from each other?

  They have different structures for specific functions
• What is the role of villi in the gut?

  Increase surface area for absorption
• What happens during cell differentiation?

  Genes are turned on and off
• What is the formula for magnification?

  Magnification = image height / object height
• What is DNA made of?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid with A, T, C, G