Health 2

• Pathogen

  A microorganism that causes disease
• How can HIV be avoided?

  Using contraception such as a condom, not sharing needles.
• Antibiotics only destroy bacteria.
• How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?

  By engulfing and digesting them.
• How do lymphocytes destroy pathogens?

  By creating antibodies/antitoxins specific to each pathogen.
• How do vaccines work?

  (1) Inject a dead or inactive pathogen

  (2)White blood cells (lymphocytes) create antibodies

  (3)Memory cells are formed

  (4)On re-exposure, antibodies are made faster and in larger amounts
• Why are drugs tested on healthy volunteers?

  1. To identify the side effects
  2. To see if the drug is safe
• What is a placebo?

  A pill or injection that does not contain the drug.
• Neither the doctors nor the patients know who has the placebo and who has the real drug.
• What are the control variables in a drug trail?

  1. Age
  2. Gender (assigned at birth)
  3. Body mass
• What is the drug found in foxglove?

  Digitails
• What causes salmonella and gonorrhea?

  Bacteria
• What causes measles

  virus
• How does the body prevent pathogens from entering?

  1. Skin
  2. Acid in the stomach
  3. Mucus in the trachea and nose
• What are the differences between an animal and bacterial cell?

  1. Bacterial cells are smaller
  2. Bacterial cells don't have a nucleus
  3. Bacterial cells don't have a permanent vacuole
  4. Bacterial cells don't have chloroplasts
  5. Bacterial cells don't have mitochondria
• What is an example of a pathogen?

  Bacterium
• What is measles?

  A disease which causes a red skin rash and is preventable by vaccination
• What does Bacteria release that makes us feel ill?

  Toxins
• What is a virus that infects plants?

  TMV - Tobacco Mosaic virus
• What bacterial pathogen affects cells lining the gut?

  Salmonella
• How can HIV be treated?

  Antiretroviral drugs
• How could a person become infected by HIV?

  Unprotected sexual contact
• How can gardeners prevent fungal infection of their roses?

  By using fungicide
• How can sexually transmitted diseases be prevented from spreading?

  Using a condom
• What is a disease caused by a protist?

  Malaria
• How does a virus infect a cell?

  1)Gaining entry

  2)Replicates inside cell

  3)Bursts open

  4)Release more virus particles
• How do Antiretroviral drugs work?

  They prevent viruses from replicating
• How could someone become infected with measles?

  Inhaling droplets from an infected person's cough or sneeze
• How do mosquitoes transmit malaria?

  1)Bite an infected person's skin

  2)Take up the pathogen

  3)Transfer the pathogen when they bite another person
• Bacteria

  reproduce rapidly and can produce toxins which damage tissues of the body
• What chemical do fungi make that causes the cells to be digested?

  Enzymes
• What is the process of phagocytosis?

  1)White blood cells move towards and engulf the bacterium/pathogen

  2)White blood cell ingests/engulfs the bacterium/pathogen

  3)White blood cell digests the bacterium/pathogen using enzymes