blood

• Blood volume maintains colloidal oncotic pressure.
• Blood banking encompasses activities, procedures and tests done to ensure blood for transfusion is properly collected, preserved, stored and dispensed for later use.
• Transfusion medicine is a multidisciplinary branch of medicine that is concerned with the transfusion of blood and blood components, including proper selection and utilization of blood components as well as removal of blood or blood components in the treatment or prevention of disease.
• Food and Drug Administration is the governing body for blood bank inspections and inspects blood banks every year.
• Immunology and serology is the study of the immune system and scientific examination of blood serum, with regards to the response of the immune system to foreign substances.
• Hematology is the study of blood and blood disorders.
• Immunohematology is the study of antigens and antibodies associated with blood transfusion.
• Blood is both a biologic and a drug.
• Transfusion for Pope Innocent VII occurred in 1492 from 3 human donors.
• James Blundell of England successfully transfused blood in 1892 to a woman suffering from postpartum hemorrhage.
• Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO groups in 1901.
• Descartello and Sturli defined the fourth group AB in 1902.
• Drs. Yves Lapierre developed the gel test in Lyon, France in 1985.
• Sodium phosphate (NaPO 4 ) was discovered by Braxton Hicks in 1869.
• Transfusion medicine was created because there are people who are in need of blood.
• The type of blood component to be administered to the patient depends on the need of the patient.
• Washed Red Blood Cell is used to remove plasma proteins, and is indicated for patients with severe allergic or anaphylactic conditions.
• Packed Red Blood Cell is used to restore oxygen-carrying capacity, and is indicated for symptomatic anemia.
• Irradiated blood components are used to inactivate the replicative machinery of the donor leukocyte, to prevent graft-vs-host disease, for newborns and patients with marrow transplants.
• Fresh Frozen Plasma is used to replace plasma proteins and all coagulation factors except platelets in patients who are bleeding or at risk of bleeding, due to liver disease, disseminated intravascular anemia, or massive transfusion.
• Frozen/deglycerolized red blood cells are used for the prevention of non-hemolytic febrile transfusion reaction.
• Random Donor Platelets are used in cases of bleeding due to quantitative or qualitative platelet defect.
• Single Donor Platelets are used in cases of bleeding due to quantitative or qualitative platelet defect, and are used for prevention of HLA alloimmunization.
• Factor Concentrates are used for specific factor coagulation deficiencies.
• Volume Expanders are used in patients with hemorrhagic shock and burn patients.
• Leuko-reduced or Leuko-poor blood is used to minimize exposure of patient to donor leukocytes, and prevents febrile transfusion reaction caused by antibodies against WBCs, to reduce CMV transmission.
• Whole Blood is used to restore blood volume and oxygen-carrying capacity, and is indicated for symptomatic anemia with large volume deficit.
• Neocyte-enriched red blood cells are used to prolong time between transfusions in chronically transfusion-dependent patients.
• Single donor plasma is used to treat hypovolemic shock or severe burns.
• Cryoprecipitate is used in the treatment of patients with von Willebrand’s disease, hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) or hypofibrinogenemia who are bleeding, or in cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
• Prothrombin complex is used in the treatment of patients with a deficiency of factors II, VII, IX, X, who are bleeding or at risk of bleeding.
• Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) is used in patients with congenital hypogammaglobulinemia, given monthly.
• Granulocyte Concentrates are used to elevate the leukocyte count in patients with neutropenia or granulocyte dysfunction who are suffering from, or at risk of, a life-threatening infection, or neutropenia with infection unresponsive to antibiotics.