STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

• Structural Engineer


  Designs the structural systems and structural elements in buildings, bridges, stadiums, tunnels, and other civil engineering works (bones).
• Structural Engineer


  Design: Process of determining location, material, and size of structural elements to resist forces acting in a structure.
• Engineering Design Process

  Identify the problem.
• Engineering Design Process

  Explore alternative solutions; research past experience, brainstorm, preliminary design of most promising solutions.
• Engineering Design Process

  Analyze and design one or more viable solutions.
• Engineering Design Process

  Testing and evaluation of solution; experimental testing (prototype) or field tests and peer evaluation.
• Engineering Design Process

  Building solution using available resources (materials, equipment, labor).
• Design Process in Structural Engineering

  Select material for construction.
• Design Process in Structural Engineering


  Determine the appropriate structural system for a particular case.
• Design Process in Structural Engineering


  Determine forces acting on a structure.
• Design Process in Structural Engineering


  Calculate the size of members and connections to avoid failure (collapse) or excessive deformation.
• Forces Acting in Structures

  Forces induced by gravity, by wind, by earthquakes, by rain/snow, and fluid pressures.
• Forces Induced by Gravity

  Dead loads (permanent): self-weight of structure and attachments.
• Forces Induced by Gravity

  Live loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants, vehicles).
• Vertical: Gravity

  
• Lateral: Wind, Earthquake

  
• Global Stability: Sliding

  
• Global Stability: Overturning

  
• Bending

  
• Torsion

  
• Tension

  
• Compression

  
• Frame

  
• Truss

  
• Arch

  
• Types of Stress

  Linear Elastic

  
• Types of Stress

  Non-Linear Plastic

  
• Types of Stress

  Elastic - Plastic

  
• Types of Stress

  Non-Linear Plastic

  
• Materials Used in Civil Engineering

  Stone and Masonry.
• Materials Used in Civil Engineering

  Metals: cast iron, steel, and aluminum.
• Materials Used in Civil Engineering

  Concrete, Wood, and Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
• Concrete Components


  Sand (Fine Aggregate), Gravel (Coarse Aggregate), Cement (Binder), Water, and Air.
• Strength


  Ability to withstand given stress without failure.
• Tensile Failure

  
• Compressive Failure

  
• Stiffness (Rigidity)


  Property related to deformation.
• Stiffness (Rigidity)


  Stiffer structural elements deforms less under the same applied load and stiffness depends on type of material (E), structural shape, and structural configuration.
• Two Main Types

  Axial Stiffness and Bending Stiffness.
• Formula of Axial Stiffness


  T/DL