To create an Anglo-Spanish alliance and to produce heirs as quickly as possible
When was Henry VIII's first war with France in his reign?
1512-1514
When did Henry declare war with France for the first time?
April 1512
What military events took place in April 1512?
Henry sent troops under the Marquis of Dorset to help the Spanish, landing at Bayonne
England was let down by its allies
Ferdinand instead used the opportunity to take control of Navarre
Within a few months, England's force were recalled in disgrace
When was Henry's navy defeated at Brest?
April 1513
What military events took place in June 1513?
An English force of 30,000 men (organised by Wolsey) landed in Calais
They marched towards Flanders to help Henry's ally, Maximilian, to capture the French town of Theroanne
When was the Battle of the Spurs?
August 1513
What happened at the Battle of the Spurs?
The French army was defeated by the English
Theroanne fell to the English
Henry also captured Tournai
When was the Battle of Flodden?
September 1513
What happened at the Battle of Flodden?
James IV led a raiding party into England
Queen Catherine (acting as Henry's governor of the realm whilst he was in France) raised an army to meet the Scottish threat
The Scottish army was defeated at Flodden, with James being killed alongside 10,000 Scots
When were peace terms agreed for the war with France that had originated in 1512?
August 1514
What were the peace terms agreed for the war with France that had originated in 1512?
Henry was allowed to keep the territory that he had acquired (Theroanne and Tournai)
France agreed to pay the arrears owed
Henry's younger sister, Mary, was to marry the King of France, Louis XVII
When did Francis come to the French throne?
1515
When did Charles come to the Spanish throne?
1516
When did France and Spain sign the Treaty of Noyon?
1516
What events regarding foreign policy took place in 1516?
Spain accepted French rule of Milan
France accepted Spanish rule of Naples
Maximilian made peace with France
When was the Treaty of London?
1518
What did the Treaty of London state?
It was a peace treaty between France and England, coupled with a non-aggression pact signed by 20 other countries, principalities, and dukedoms
When did King Charles of Spain become Holy Roman Emperor after the death of Maximilian?
1519
How powerful was Charles now?
Now Holy Roman Emperor
Inherited the Hapsburg lands in Austria
Now ruled Spain, Burgundy, Austria, and the Holy Roman Empire
When was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
June 1520
What took place at the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
It was a celebration of peace between the two countries, consisting of 2 weeks of jousting, feasting, and ostentatious display
In June 1520, what was Wolsey doing?
He met with Charles and maintained good relations between England and the Holy Roman Emperor, but Wolsey refused to join Charles in any potential war with France
When did Francis declare war on Charles and subsequently invade Luxembourg?
1521
When was the Calais Conference?
August 1521
What took place at the Calais Conference?
A temporary peace was brokered between France and Spain by Wolsey
When was the Treaty of Bruges?
1521
What did the Treaty of Bruges state?
Wolsey agreed to declare war on France if France would not agree to peace
Charles confirmed he would marry Henry's daughter, Mary
When did Charles and Henry declare war on France (per the terms of the Treaty of Bruges)?
1522
What military events took place in 1522?
Charles recovered Milan but broke his promise to Henry to support English troops in Picardy, so English troops returned empty handed
What military events took place in 1523?
Another campaign was launched against France
England allied with the discontented Duke of Bourbon and Charles, who promised support from Imperial troops stationed in the Netherlands
English troops, led by the Duke of Suffolk, nearly reached Paris, but were let down by their allies and returned empty-handed
The French war had cost £400,000
Henry offered a 16-year truce to James, but it was refused, so raiding parties and border raids continued
When was the Battle of Pavia?
1525
What took place at the Battle of Pavia?
Charles won a dramatic victory over the French and captured Francis
As a result of the Battle of Pavia, what did Henry do?
He wanted to invade France to capture the French crown
However, Charles did not support him and Wolsey's attempts to raise money via the 'amicable grant' led to rebellion
Henry was forced to back down, and Charles even annulled the marriage treaty with Mary as he no longer needed England's support
When was the Treaty of More signed?
August 1525
What did the Treaty of More state?
It was a treaty between England and France where Henry agreed to give up his claim to the French throne in return for a pension
In 1525, why did Anglo-Scottish relations improve?
The anti-English Duke of Albany died, leaving Scottish King James V free to adopt more friendly relations with England
What did Wolsey pursue in 1526?
An anti-Imperial alliance
When was the League of Cognac formed?
1526
What was the League of Cognac?
It was a group to try and reverse the previous French defeat at Pavia, consisting of France, Venice, Milan, Florence, the Pope, and England as a 'protector'