Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of a stamen to the sigma of a carpel to allow for fertilisation to occur. Zygote is formed which conducts cell division to become an embryo. Occur by wind or pollinators
fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and a femal gamete to form a zygote that undergoes cell division to develop into an embryo
filament supports the anther
Seed dispersal is the movement of seeds away from the parent plant once a seed is formed it needs to be dispersed away from the parent plant to avoid competition, if the seed has all the resources it needs then it will germinate and grow into a new plant
plants need light, water, space, minerals in soil
Endosperm is a glucose and mineral store which is surrounded by the cotyledon
Sepal supports the flower
Water seed dispersal, seeds are large have the ability to float, seeds float in ocean/river to a new area washed onto shore and start to grow e.g coconut
Explosion seed dispersal, seeds are small and light the seed pod explodes and propelles seeds away from parent plant e.g exploding cucumber
Animal seed dispersal (external) hooks to attach to fur seeds hook on to animals fur and fall off in a different location e.g burdock
Animal seed dispersal (internal) seeds are encased in fruit which the animals eat and then expel in faeces e.g apples
Stigma receives pollen during pollination
Style supports the stigma
Stamen is the male reproductive organ
Anther produces pollen, male sex cell
Petal is the attractive landing pad for insects
Carpel is the female reproductive organ
Male reproductive organ is the stamen female reproductive organ is the carpel male gamete is pollen and female gamete is ovule/egg
wind seed dispersal seeds are light and adapted to fly seeds are blown away from the parent plant seed have a large SA e.g dandelion
Asexual Reproduction, mitosis, 1 parent, no gametes involved, identical offspring, e.g bacteria and Komodo dragon, produces individuals without genetic variation, easy and quick and only 1 parent
Sexual reproduction, meiosis, 2 parents, gametes involved, unique offspring, almost all plants+animals, lots of energy, time and 2 parents, species can adapt
Germination is the development of an embryo in a seed into a young plant after seed dispersal
Embryos which are germinating from seeds utilise the glucose and mineral resources stored in the endosperm, these resources are used until the plant grows leaves and is able to photosynthesis to generate glucose
Asexual natural method, runners plant produces long stems which branch out from the plant, from these a new genetically identical clone of the parent is established
Asexual artificial method, cuttings, propagation, humans remove parts of the plant which then has the ability to grow roots and become established
Conditions required during germination are water (soften the seed coat) warmth (provides enzymes with kinetic energy) oxygen (reactant in respiration) plants need to respite to release energy for growth
step 1 pollination pollen from the anther of a stamen moves between flowers by wind or animal
Step 2 pollination pollen lands on The stigma of a carpel
Step 3 pollination, pollen grows a pollen tube through the style, pollen tube curves goes round the ovaries
Step 4 pollination the style provides the pollen with glucose needed for respiration to release energy in order to grow the cells
Step 5 pollination this allows the nuclei of the gametes to come into contact with each other pollen+egg-zygote
step 6 pollination the zygote develops into an embryo of a seed which gets dispersed