Micropara (Week 1) - Lecture

• Germ is derived from the Latin word germen, which means to sprout or germinate. First applied to bacteria in the nineteenth century to explain disease-causing cells that grew quickly.
• Microbes, often known as microorganisms, are microscopic living organisms that are visible only with a microscope.
• Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa, and algae, collectively known as ' microbes'.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723). Referred to as the “Father of Microbiology,” the“Father of Bacteriology,” and the “Father of Protozoology”.
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, as a hobby, he ground tiny glass lenses, which he mounted in small metal frames, thus creating what today are known as single-lens microscopes or simple microscopes.
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, in many of these specimens, he observed various tiny living creatures, which he called“animalcules.”
• Louis Pasteur (1822–1895). Discovered forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen. He introduced the terms “aerobes” (organisms that require oxygen) and “anaerobes” (organisms that do not require oxygen).
• Louis Pasteur created pasteurization to eliminate wine spoilage-causing bacteria.
• Louis Pasteur has developed a vaccine to prevent rabies in dogs and effectively used to treat human rabies.
• Discovered the alcoholic fermentation process. Louis Pasteur's research showed that various microorganisms create distinct fermentation products. Yeasts ferment grape glucose to ethanol, but invading bacteria like Acetobacter ferment glucose to acetic acid (vinegar), affecting wine taste.
• Joseph Lister. During the 1860s Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, reasoned that surgical infection(sepsis) might be caused by microorganisms. (Sepsis = The condition resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbes or their products in blood or tissues.)
• Devised methods to prevent microbes from entering the wounds of his patients. Joseph Lister's procedures came to be known as antiseptic (against sepsis) surgery and included handwashing, sterilizing instruments, and dressing wounds with carbolic acid (phenol).
• Ignaz Philip Semmelweis . About this same time (1840s), a physician by the name of Ignaz Philip Semmelweis began using antiseptic procedures to prevent "childbirth" or puerperal fever (a serious and often fatal disease associated with infection contracted during delivery)
• Robert Koch. Direct evidence demonstrating that bacteria were disease-causing agents (etiological agents) was provided by Robert Koch, a German physician, in 1867.
• Koch identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax in sheep and cattle. Koch developed a series of experiments to prove a specific microbe caused an illness. These postulates, known as Koch's, contributed significantly to the germ theory of illness
• Koch found B. anthracis spores that can withstand harsh environments.
• Koch created procedures for fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria.
• Koch's research on tuberculin, a protein from M. tuberculosis, led to a skin test for the disease.
• Joseph Lister. Joseph Lister used carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and reduce the incidence of wound infections following surgery. This practice became known as antisepsis.
• Alexander Fleming. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, which he isolated from moldy bread. Penicillin proved effective against many bacterial pathogens but had little effect on viruses.
• Richard J. Petri - developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures could be grown and manipulated.
• Fanny Hesse - developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological media
• Hans Christian Gram - developed the Gram stain, a stain technique that could be used to compare two major groups of disease-causing bacteria. • Koch discovered the bacterium(M. tuberculosis)that causes tuberculosis and the bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) that causes cholera.
• Edward Jenner. In 1796, Edward Jenner (a British Physician) reported the use of material scraped from the skin of an individual infected with cowpox to immunize a child against smallpox.
• Paul Ehrlich. A German physician by the name of Paul Ehrlich searched for a “magic bullet”, and in around 1910 developed the first effective cure for a bacterial disease.
• Paul Ehrlich developed a drug called salvarsan which was an arsenic compound that was effective against syphilis.
• Alexander Fleming. A short time later (1928), Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician, discovered penicillin.
• Alexander Fleming noticed that mold growing on one of his culture plates inhibited the growth of bacteria there, and eventually isolated the substance responsible
• Microorganisms –An organism that can be seen only through a microscope.
• The two major categories of microbes are called acellular microbes (also called infectious particles)and cellular microbes (also called microorganisms).
• Acellular microbes - lacking cellular organization; not delimited by cytoplasmic membrane (viruses, viroids, virusoids, prions). CANNOT BE SEEN IN A LIGHT MICROSCOPE. Include viruses and prions.
• Cellular microbes - cytoplasmic membrane present. Broken into prokaryotes and eukaryotes include all bacteria, all archaea, some algae, all protozoa, and some fungi
• Prokaryotes / Eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are distinguished on the basis of their cellular characteristics
• Eukaryotes - cells where genomes not contained within a nucleus. Including microorganisms such as fungi, protozoa, and simple algae. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. They contain variety of cellular bodies called organelles.
• Prokaryotes - genome contained in a nucleus; are probably the smallest living organisms. They can range in size from 0.15 μm (mycoplasmas) to 2.0 microscopic(many of the bacteria). Some bacteria have a comma shape (vibrio) or a flexible, wavy shape (spirochete).
• Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms with no nucleus or nuclear membrane in their cells. It takes the form of rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spirals (spirals) (spirilla or spirochetes). It reproduces through binary fission, has unique ingredients in its cell walls, and can be found in nearly all of the world's ecosystems. It can survive in temperatures ranging from 0° to 100°C and in oxygen-rich or oxygen-depleted environments.
• Fungus. Eukaryotic microorganisms such as multicellular molds and unicellular (single-celled) yeasts are classified as fungi. Yeasts are slightly larger than bacteria and are employed in the production of alcoholic beverages and bread. Candida albicans, for example, is a pathogenic yeast (disease causing). Molds are filamentous, branching fungus that reproduce through spores. The fungi prefer acidic surroundings, and the majority of them can survive at ambient temperature in an oxygen-rich environment. A fungus is what the common mushroom is.
• Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic creatures. Many species have a feature of movement, and protozoa can be classed according on how they move: Some protozoa have flagella, whereas others have cilia or pseudopodia. Some animals are not mobile. Because they lack cell walls, protozoa can take on an unlimited number of shapes. Malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery, and toxoplasmosisareall caused by different species
• Algae refers to a wide range of plant-like creatures. Several species of single-celled algae are essential in microbiology. Their cells are surrounded by cell walls made of cellulose, a type of carbohydrate. Diatoms and dinoflagellates, which live in the oceans and are found at the bottom of marine food chains, are examples. In the process of photosynthesis, most algae catch sunlight and convert it to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates
• Viruses are tiny amounts of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein shell and, occasionally, a membranous envelope. Because viruses lack a metabolism, interfering with the structures or activities with medications is challenging. Viruses reproduce in living cells & utilize cells' chemical machinery for their own purposes. In the process of duplicating, they frequently damage the cells