Ethical issues

• What is the purpose of ethical considerations in psychological research?

  To protect participants and researchers
• Who publishes the code of conduct for psychologists?

  The British Psychological Society (BPS)
• What are the four key ethical principles in the BPS code of conduct?

  Respect, Competence, Responsibility, Integrity
• What is the role of ethics committees in universities and research institutions?

  To review proposed research for ethical compliance
• What is a cost-benefit analysis in research?

  Evaluating the impact of procedures on participants
• What should participants be informed about before taking part in research?

  The nature, timings, and potential hazards of the task
• What is required for participants under the age of 16 to participate in research?

  Parental consent
• Why can't individuals under the influence of drugs or alcohol give informed consent?

  They are unable to make informed decisions
• How did Milgram's study illustrate issues with informed consent?

  Participants were misled about the study's true aim
• What is the right to withdraw in research?

  Participants can leave the study at any time
• What happens to data from participants who withdraw from a study?

  It is destroyed along with personal details
• How did Zimbardo's study potentially violate the right to withdraw?

  Participants felt pressured to remain in the study
• What constitutes deception in psychological research?

  Providing false information about the study's aim
• When might deception be necessary in research?

  To preserve the integrity of the study's aim
• What is prior general consent?

  Participants agree to be deceived without specifics
• What is presumptive consent?

  Consent from similar individuals to predict actual consent
• What is retrospective consent?

  Asking for consent after the research has occurred
• What does protection from harm entail in research?

  Ensuring participants are safe from physical or emotional damage
• How did Milgram's study fail to protect participants from harm?

  Participants experienced significant stress and anxiety
• What psychological harm did Zimbardo's study cause participants?

  Participants experienced psychological distress and trauma
• What must researchers consider to protect participants from harm?

  All possible negative outcomes of participation
• What does privacy refer to in the context of research ethics?

  Invasion of an individual's private space or environment
• How did Dickerson et al.'s study violate privacy ethics?

  Participants were unaware of being observed in a shower
• What does confidentiality mean in research?

  Participants' data should not be disclosed outside research
• What is consent by proxy?

  Consent given by family after a participant's death
• What should be avoided when publishing research findings?

  Indications of participant identities and locations
• What are the differences between confidentiality and anonymity?

  • Confidentiality: Not revealing private details of research
  • Anonymity: Ensuring participant identities are not revealed
• What is the main focus of the BPS ethical guidelines?

  To ensure ethical conduct in psychological research