Anatomy L5

• vertebral column- 26 bones

  24 vertebrae

  • 7 cervical- anterior
  • 12 thoracic- posterior
  • 5 lumbar- anterior

  1 sacrum ( 5 fused)- posterior

  1 coccyx (3-5 fused)
• functional anatomy of vertebral column

  • encloses and protects spinal cord
  • supports skull
  • supports weight of head, neck, trunk
  • transfers weight to lower limbs
  • helps maintain upright position of body
  • curves hep maintain balance
• motions of vertebral (no sacral and coccygeal)

  • flexion and extension
  • right and left rotation
  • lateral flexion
• vertebrae to vertebrae is a joint

  • inner section (more water, nucleus pulposus)
  • outer ring (annulus fibrous, less water)
• intervertebral disc

  • fibrous cartilage
  • largest struct w/ no vascular supply
  • nutrients through osmosis
• vertebral arch

  • forms vertebral foramen
  • made of pedicle and laminae
  • spinous process projects posteriorly
  • transverse processes project laterally
• spina bifida

  • malformation of structures making up the vertebral arch, where vertebral arch fails to close completely
• articular processes

  • superior and inferior articular process
• vertebral articulation

  -vertebrae have articular facets and vertebral canal

  -vertebral bodies are separated y intervertebral discs

  -space called intervertebral foramina: nerves come off spinal cord to connect to other places
• intervertebral foramen

  • formed from vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae
  • passageway for spinal nerves

  intervertebral discs

  • bind vertebrae together
  • absorb shock
  • inner gel nucleus pulposus surrounded by annulus fibrousus (ring of fibrocartilage)
  • herniated disc puts pressure on spinal nerve or spinal cord
• cervical vertebrae

  • 7 vertebrae
  • support weight of head
  • spinous processes are bifid except for C7 and C1
  • transverse foramina: fused to costal processes
  • C1 atlas and C2 axis
• atlas- C1

  • articulates w/ occipital condyles of skull
  • doesn't have body
  • consists of anterior and posterior vertebral arches/anterior and posterior tubercles/superior articular facts/inferior articular facets
  • largest vertebral foramen (spinal cord from brain)
  • head- "yes" manner nod
• axis- C2

  • dens
  • transverse ligament binds to dens to atlas
  • allows head to move "no" manner
• C7

  • long prominent spinous process
  • movement of neck
  • ligamentum nuchae
  • large elastic ligament
  • begins at the vertebral prominens and extends to external occipital crest of skull
• thoracic vertebrae

  • 12
  • rib articulation points
  • T1-T8 superior and inferior costal facets- partial
  • T9-T12 have only 1 facet- whole
  • T1-T10 have transverse costal facets
  • most spinous processes point inferiorly
• lumbar vertebrae

  • 5
  • support weight of torso
  • vertebral bodies are quite large
  • spinous process points posteriorly
  • C3-C7 most movement
• sacrum

  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • joints: lumbosacral, sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal
• coccyx

  • 3-5 fused
  • adult male coccyx points anteriorly
  • adult female coccyx pointed inferiorly- childbirth
  • coccygeal cornu- articulation w/ sacrum
• thoracic cage (rib cage) function

  • protection of heart, lung
  • attachment site for muscles: respiration, move shoulder, stabilize hips
• ribs

  true ribs: vertebrosternal ribs (1-7)

  false ribs: vertebrochondral ribs (8-10)

  floating ribs: 11-12
• structures of ribs

  • head, neck, body, tubercle, angle, costal groove
  • sternal end - superior and inferior articular facets/interarticular crest
• sternum

  • manubrium, body, xiphoid process, jugular notch